Century World Affairs Essay Example for Free

ascorbic acid World Affairs EssayThe Caribbean Island of Cuba became a republic after its firing from Spain at the hands of the USA. American presence, both in military, financial and diplomatic terms however continued as a means of providing stability and solvency to the island nation. The Cuban chairwomans were incompetent and unpopular with the general rabble, thus, producing revolt. From 1925 onwards, although technically still a democratic republic, the country became an elite dictatorship with an army officer named Fulgencio Batista, having seized manoeuver of the Cuban army, pulling the strings from behind the curtains. The judicature remained corrupt and incompetent with a rising sense of resentment amongst the general population on their invoke of affairs. Following 1940, he was the official President of the country until his departure from office in 1944. In 1952, he seized power again and ruled by ordination until 1955 when he was elected President in an electio n with only himself as the candidate. To mark his victory, the new President issued an amnesty for political prisoners and opponents.One of the prisoners was Fidel Castro, who had been jailed for his cont turn of events in the 26th of July incident in 1953, whereby he had led a column of men to ambush the Cuban military installations at the Moncada Barracks. Castro wasted no time in resuming his new activities and in 1956, accompanied by Argentine Ernesto Che Guevara, launched an violation of Cuba, setting sail with his followers from the coast of Mexico.Initially, the rebels were crushed by Batistas forces but the well organized defense of the guerilla headquarters in the Sierra Maestra Mountains sent the wrong signals to Batistas forces. Fledging support for the rebels also made matters worsened with constant guerilla attacks against Cuban army installations and personnel leading to a fall in moral within the Cuban military ranks. With a demoralise army, Batista panicked as th e prospect of a full fledged genteel war became imminent and fled the country, allowing Castro to march easily into Havana and form government.America was late aligned with Batistas government all along the way as American businesses had deep rooted interests in the island nation. There is evidence that Castros invasion of Cuba in 1956 could have been funded by the CIA, although these claims remain unsubstantiated. However, given the fact that Batistas increasingly authoritarian actions were a cause of much embarrassment for democratic Washington, it could be believed that there might have been funding with an attempt to tame Batista and soften his dictatorial style.Major American involvement came in 1961, when Cuban exiles trained by the American CIA launched an invasion of Cuba to topple Castros government but were defeated at the hands of the Castros army within three days. This event came to be known as the bay of pigs invasion. The revolution survives till today having succee ded in the provision of idealistic hearty development targets, although the economy remains lesser and largely dependent on sugar cane exports. BOLIVIAAfter centuries of Spanish colonial rule, Bolivia gained independence and became an autonomous republic in 1825, having had to fight a blooming(a) war with colonial Spain. While great leaps were made in socio stinting development, the indigenous population remained poor and following the Chaco War (1932-1935) where the country suffered a humiliate defeat at the hands of Paraguay, resentment against the traditional ruling class grew further as the loss of life and territory was humungous. Following the Chaco war, The Revolutionary nationalistic Movement (MNR) was created.It represented the middle-class and had a bolshy approach modified for a nationalist and socialist agenda. The party was part of the military civilian government of Gualberto Villarroel from 1943 to 1946 but was soon expelled from the country by opponent forces. The MNR then staged a brief and bloody civil war in 1949 against the Bolivian government but failed to groom any breakthrough. It was in the elections of 1951, that the MNR finally hit jack pot. Having won the elections, it was denied the right to Presidency by the Opposition parties who claimed that the elections were rigged.Following months of protests, agitation and civil unrest, not to mention the various attempts by the MNR leadershiphip to stage a coup, events took a new turn when MNR revolutionaries together with the La Paz police force took go of La Paz, the de facto capital of the country. What followed was a bloody, half hearted battle on the side of the Bolivian army. Mass deflections and poor moral gave the MNR a victory and a calamity to form government. During its 12 years in power, the MNR was responsible for bringing universal adult suffrage to Bolivia, put land reforms into practice and promot rural education.The largest tin mines were nationalized in 1952. How ever, the most remarkable feat of the revolution was the fact that it incorporated the indigeneos population into the normal way of life. US policy remained largely neutral in Bolivias case. The US had war in the Korean Penensuila to deal with at that time. However, the overthrow of the MNR by the Bolivian army in 1964 is sometimes refered to as a CIA endorse initiative, suggesting that American policy was largely anti MNR, even if neutral from the outset. CHILE cayenne pepper gained independence from colonial Spain in 1810, when it was established as an autonomus republic. It was in 1970 that Chile made history of sorts when it elected by a narrow margin a redness government under President Salvador Allende. Whereas all previous communist governments in the world had emerged from chaos and upheavel, the population of Chile legally elected their communist government. The government, however, comprised various left wing groups and Allende suffered from his inability to bring stake holder conflict resolution.Allendes problems intensified as he went along. His nationalization of major industries sc ared away private investment and created dissent amonsgt portions of the population. His problems were further aggravated by capitalist plots and US hostility, esp by the CIA. Allende still took matters at the forefront and continued reforms to the economy and the social sector, demanding international aid and recognition to help him implement his plan for the social and economical development of Chile along socialist lines.While he had many supporters, his opposition was also plenty. While Allende struggled to keep the pieces together in the give of internal coalition bickering, resent amongst portions of the population and US hostility, the opposition and the army merely hoped that Allende would lose the 1973 election and allow for a more centrist President to take power. However, this was not to be as Allendes government survived the 1973 election, with millions amongst the population voting for Allende a second time.Following a constitutional crisis and widespread economic woes and allegations that Allende would soon turn the country towards dictatorship, the military intervened and overthrew his government on September 11, 1973. As a woman Revolutionary As a woman revolutionary in the Cuban revolution, one of the things I would have done differently would have been to secure closer ties with America for economic reasons, instead of becoming a tool in the cold war. Closer relations with America would not imply a compromise on Marxist principles.It would rather imply an act of logical sense as America is geograpgically close to Cuba and its products are in high demand there. Closer ties with the USSR and the East European Communist bloc make less sense as these countries were geographically distant. In a way, closer economic ties with the USSR have a higher opportunity cost. Appeal of Marxist judgement in Latin America Marxist model has had a profound effect on Latin American politics. As early as the 1920s, Marxist movements were springing up in various countries. The reasons are simple.Rising poverty, deplorable conditions of the indigenous Indian population at the hands of the ruling class (of Spanish descent), economic and social backwardness and corrupt and/or incompetent governments forced people to seek alternative ways at addressing the issues at hand. It was these conditions that fueled Marxist thought in Latin America. For many countries, the concept of equality appealed further then ever as they saw the present system merely as an reference work of the colonial system, with the capitalist mindset at play.Equality of income, rights and stature in society was a totally new concept and presented a welcome flip-flop from capitalist individualism. Lack of freedom under strict military governments and persecution at the hands of intelligence agencies as a result of political motivations made matters worse. F urthermore, Marxist ideology to seize the opportunity and to fight for ones right further fueled anger amongst an already resentful population. Revolution provided an opportunity for the hard pressed populace to vent their anger at incompetent governments. Another important factor at play was hostility to the USA.The USA was seen as a powerhouse of capitalist economy and US business interests in Latin America were no secret to the local population. The USA had done little to support the population against their incompetent leaders and the perception of the USA was thus that of a Capitalist agent bent on world dominance. The success of Marxism in the USSR esp. its powerful transition from a petty backward country to a world economic and military super power standing eye to eye with the USA provided much intellectual nourishment for thought. With the exception of Cuba, communism never really found its deep roots in any country in Latin America.True the Allende Presidency in Chile, th e MNR regime of Bolivia from 1952-1964 and the present day regime of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela are near examples, it is worth mentioning that these have been mere off shoots of Marxist speculation, aiming to bring changes to the original theory and apply them in a more local context. Thus, generally, Marxist thought has provoked a more centre left approach amongst the population of Latin America. It is also worth mentioning that the impact of Marxist thought on Latin America has been so profound that many of the leading figures that the theory is synonymous with are derived from this region.Fidel Castro became a symbol of defiance for the Capitalist West. Allende is renowned for his foray into democracy through democratic elections, bring communism to a country through calm means Similarly, Che Guevara is today not only a symbol of communist ideals of using force to attain their goals but is also recognized as the unquestioned founder of modern Guerrilla warfare, a tactic, still u tilized by communists and non communists alike to this day in their fight against imperialism, capitalism and injustice.Works CitedWatson, Jack. Success in 20th Century World Affairs. London John Murray, 1991. Adam Hart -Davis. World History A visual guide. London Longman , 2007. Smith, Alison. Mastering 20th Century World Affairs. London Longman, 1991. Selected Readings from The History Channel Website www. Historychannel. com

The quantity of pennies Essay Example for Free

The quantity of pennies Es claim(1) Draw an quietness curl routine with the quantity of pennies atomic number 18 on the horizontal axis and the quantity of nickels argon on the vertical axis. Given the shape of your apathy writhe, how would you describe the typical relationship between these cardinal products?The two adepts atomic number 18 perfect substitutes for entirely(prenominal) other. 5pennies are equivalent to a nickel.(2) You and I are in go throughr counterpoise. CDs cost 10 dollar signs individually and cassette tapes only 2 dollars each. I experience CDs and cassettes. You lead only cassettes. What shadow you infer virtually my MRS (marginal set up of replenishment) of CDs and tapes? What to the high upest degree your MRS.Since both individuals are in finishr proportion, for you, the MRS should equal the outlay balance since you consume both goods. Hence MRS = 10/2 = 5.For me since I consume only cassettes at my equilibrium, it implies t hat I consider CDs a neutral good. thitherfore my indifference shortens are horizontal (assuming CDs are on the horizontal axis). Hence MRS is zero, since no perfectity of increase in CDs derriere shift your utility unless(prenominal) you feed more cassettes.(3) The price of ride a car is 30 cents per mile. The cost of riding the bus is 60 cents per mile. At the moment, your Marginal Utility of the last mile of car transportation is 80 units, and the Marginal Utility of your last mile of bus transportation is 150 units. atomic number 18 you maximizing your utility? Explain your answer.If Im maximizing my utility indeed the marginal utility derived from the last cent spent on each good must be equal.The marginal utility from the last cent spent on driving a car is = 80/30 =8/3=2.67 The marginal utility from the last cent spent on riding the bus = 150/60 =5/2=2.5 Hence Im non maximizing my utility. I fuel increase myutility by sp expirying less on bus rides and more on dr iving the car.(4) Lets say your consumption basket is made up of two goods, X and Y. Your income is I. The market prices you nervus for these two goods are PX and PY. Draw an initial equilibrium point for your consumption of these two goods. (Restate the formula for the relation between your marginal rate of substitution and the market value of X and Y at the point of equilibrium.) Now, you suddenly crave good X much more congress to Y than previously. this do to your indifference curve and equilibrium mooring? Why? After you crave more X relative to Y, the price of X draw closes dramatically. your interpret what does this do you your equilibrium position?Now, your income doubles.What doesDraw onGraph your new equilibrium position.By doing this exercise, you get a sense of how your historical income and buying power, and consumption permutes, as your tastes, income and market conditions transfigure. telephone there are three components hereYour psychological makeup your in difference curveYour income the chair of all your hard work and application of skills The prices you face, determined by the market.In the real world this is a situation that forget always hold true for you as you interact with the world of goods and services.At the equilibrium, the MRS=price dimension = PX/PY. At the equilibrium, the indifference curve is tangential to the work out stemma.MRS =MUX/MUY =PX/PY,i.e. MUX/PX = MUY/PYNow it is inclined that X is hunger much more for relative to Y. Hence the indifference curves becomes steeper. That is directly you are departing to give upmore amount of Y to have a unit more of X. Alternatively, it can be said that you need more of Y to leave you indifferent for the same decrease in X.Hence the side of the indifference curve, i.e. the marginal rate of substitution increases, i.e. MUx/MUY increases.We know that the price proportionality doesnt vary.Hence at the original equilibrium, we have MUX/PXMUY/PY. wherefore you allow co nsume more of X and less of Y at the new equilibrium, since your receiving more from the last dollar spent on X than Y.Now the price of X rises. Since we are at an equilibrium, MUX/PX=MUY/PY. But since Px is high, your compute curve pivots inward. With the substitution effect you consume less of X and more of Y. With the income effect you consume less of both goods (since real income has decreased). Therefore at the new equilibrium, you consume less of X and the amount of consumption of Y depends on the relative energy of the two effects.(5) Think of a commercial establishment (department store, coffee shop, gas station, store from which you make common purchases that is spending your hard- realize money) and think through the questions in the previous exercise (4) as they would hold in yourself and to the goods offered by this establishment. That is, take any two goods or groups of goods from the store you have chosen and re-do the questions in (4) as they would really apply t o you and your tastes. Now you are intellection economics and thinking creatively as well Consider choice made between having fruit beer(X) or having ice cream(Y) after dinnerassuming that both are good goods. At the equilibrium, the MRS=price ratio = PX/PY. At the equilibrium, the indifference curve is tangential to the budget line.MRS =MUX/MUY =PX/PY,i.e. MUX/PX = MUY/PYNow it is given that X(fruit beer) is craved much more for relative to Y(ice cream). Hence the indifference curves becomes steeper. That is now you are imparting to give up more amount of Y to have a unit more of X.Alternatively, it can be said that you need more of Y to leave you indifferent for the same decrease in X.Hence the slope of the indifference curve, i.e. the marginal rate of substitution increases, i.e. MUx/MUY increases.We know that the price ratio doesnt vary.Hence at the original equilibrium, we have MUX/PXMUY/PY.Therefore you depart consume more of X and less of Y at the new equilibrium, since yo ur receiving more from the last dollar spent on X than Y.Now the price of X rises. Since we are at an equilibrium, MUX/PX=MUY/PY. But since Px is higher, your budget curve pivots inward. With the substitution effect you consume less of X and more of Y. With the income effect you consume less of both goods (since real income has decreased). Therefore at the new equilibrium, you consume less of X and the amount of consumption of Y depends on the relative strength of the two effects. (6) You are willing to accept risk for rewards.For example, you are willing to take real tough courses at UCD beca call if you do well, it will look equal you are a hard worker on your transcript (and that is a good thing). Okay, the reward is what could be on your transcript but the risk is that you whitethorn pull down your GPA. Draw an indifference curve for your two goods, risk and reward for your decision to take or not take the hard courses. found the good, reward, on the X axis. What do micro-econ omists call these two goods with respect to the indifference stage?Now, suddenly you are really afraid to take the hard courses (that is, you now have a greater fear of failure). How does that change your indifference map? You have upward sloping indifference curves between risk and reward, i.e. for a given aim of utility if you face more risk then you gestate more rewards to keep you at that level of utility. You consider risk to be a bad good while reward to be a good good.Since you are afraid to take hard courses, you require more reward for taking the same risk to induce you to take that course. Hence the indifference curves become flatter. (7) The price of good X is $2. The priceof good Y is $6. You have income of $30. In the case where you prefer to consume X, what will your indifference map look like? Give a numeric example of how much of the two goods you will consume in equilibrium. What will be the ratio of the marginal utilities of these two goods? What exactly will b e the level of your utility at equilibrium?At the equilibrium, your MRS equals the price ratio. Hence MRS=1/3. Consider the utility function, U(x,y) =xy. Hence MRS = y/x.At equilibrium, x=3y. The budget equation is 2x+6y=30. Hence at the equilibrium, 12y=30, i.e. y=2.5 and x=7.5.u(x,y) = 18.75.(8) Automobile bodies and motorcarmobile wheels are perfect complements. Normally, four wheels are consumed for each body purchased. Draw the typical consumers indifference map for these two goods, auto bodies, and auto wheels. What can you say about the point of equilibrium for the typical consumer of these two items? Indicate the point of equilibrium on the diagram for demean and higher levels of personal income. At the point of equilibrium, a consumer consumes only an integer amount of the two goods. He consumes x cars and the corresponding amount of wheels, i.e. (4*x) since you require 4 wheels for each car. Your equilibrium is at the point where the budget curve is tangent to the indiff erence curve, i.e. at the kink of the ICs.Suppose a person has income sufficient to corrupt only one car. The his equilibrium point is at L. Compared to this a relatively higher income level individual will consume more number of cars, say like point H at his equilibrium.(9) With respect to three goods ice cream, green tea, and digital cameras, what does it means when your preference for, and satisfaction gained from, these three goods are unchanging with the assumptions of completeness, transitivity, and (what I call) the pig theory of take up.When preferences are said to be complete, it implies that you can rank the three goods in terms of your preferences between them. It can never be thecase that you dont know your preference ranking between two goods.When your preferences are said to be transitive then if you prefer x to y and then y to z, then it must be the case that you prefer x to z. If not then your preferences violate transitivity. If preferences satisfy completeness and transitivity then as the price of the good increases the get hold of for the good falls. This is the pig theory of require. (10) What does it mean when we say that the MRS is A NEGTIVE VALUE on the indifference curve? nonchalance curves are downward sloping and the level of utility is constant along an indifference curve. As you give up some unit of the good on X axis, say X, you need more of the good on Y axis, say Y, to keep your utility level constant. Hence the slope of the indifference curve, which is the MRS, i.e. the ratio in which you are will to substitute one good for the other while remaining at the same level of utility, is negative. It is negative since as the amount of X decreases, Y has to increase. (11) If your equilibrium point between two goods X and Y is a CORNER SOLUTION, and you are on the X axis, what does that indicate about the relation between your personal MRS between X and Y and the market determined price ratio Px/Py? Why is this a corner resolvi ng?In case of corner effect, at the equilibrium the price ratio and the MRS are not equal, unlike in the case of an interior solution. Since you are on X axis and consequently consuming only X and zero amount of Y, the MRS =, i.e. no amount of Y can increase your utility level for the given level of X.(12) If your equilibrium point between two goods X and Y is a CORNER SOLUTION, and you are on the Y axis, what does that indicate about the relation between your personal MRS between X and Y and the market determined price ratio Px/Py? Why is this a corner solution?In case of corner solution, at the equilibrium the price ratio and the MRS are not equal, unlike in the case of an interior solution. Since you are on Y axis and hence consuming only Y and zero amount of X, the MRS =0, i.e. no amount of X can increase your utility level for the given level of Y.(13)How might an indifference curve map indicate your personal preferences if you believe in the followingCoke is provided as goo d as PepsiYou consider Pepsi and Coke to be perfect substitutes for each other and hence your indifference curves will be straight lines.I hate wet days and just love sunny days.You consider rainy days to be bad goods. Given rainy days is on the vertical axis and sunny days are on the horizontal axis, your indifference curves are upward sloping with utility increasing along the horizontal axis.Compared to everything else I could contingent buy, I absolutely, positively want an Audi tt sports car.Having an Audi is your satiation point or your bliss point. Hence your indifference curve are concentric circles around this point.Baskin-Robbins Jamoca almond Fudge ice cream is so addictive. flavor is absolutely huge.My craving for thisIf the fudge ice cream is on the horizontal axis, then your indifference curves are relatively steep, i.e. you are willing to give up the ice cream only if you receive relatively wide amounts of the other goods in compensation.I like ice cream, but belo w very few circumstances will I eat yoghurt. You consume ice cream and yoghurt in a particular combination. Hence these two goods are considered as perfect complements of each other but with greater weight on ice creams. Therefore your indifference curves are L shaped.(14) Draw an indifference map where at your point of consumption your MRS between X and Y is 3 and the price of X is $1.00 and the price of Y is $1.00. Is there anything you can do to make your level of satisfaction? If so, what is it? If increasing your utility is assertable, where do you want toend up on the diagram and why?The MRS =3 while the price ratio is =1. Hence you are not at the optimum. At the utility maximizing point we require MRS=PX/PY.i.e. MRS=MUx/MUy = PX/PY,i.e. MUx/Px=MUy/Py.In this case we have,MUx/Px=3 while MUy/Py =1.Hence you are getting more utility from the last dollar spent on X than from Y. Therefore you can increase your utility by consuming more X and less Y.(15) Draw an indifference map where at your point of consumption your MRS between X and Y is 1 and the price of X is $3.00 and the price of Y is $1.00. Is there anything you can do to raise your level of satisfaction? If so, what is it? If increasing your utility is possible, where do you want to end up on the diagram and why?The MRS =1 while the price ratio is =3. Hence you are not at the optimum. At the utility maximizing point we require MRS=PX/PY.i.e. MRS=MUx/MUy = PX/PY,i.e. MUx/Px=MUy/Py.In this case we have,MUx/Px=1/3 while MUy/Py =1.Hence you are getting more utility from the last dollar spent on Y than from X. Therefore you can increase your utility by consuming more Y and less X.(16) The Addictive Foods Corporation wants you do purchase and eat as much of its possible as is humanly possible. So Addictive Foods designs a pricing strategy to encourage this result. Given your own utility preferences for products of the type marketed and sold by Addictive, what is the in all likelihood shape of your budge t constraint? Where might you end up on this constraint? If the pricing campaign is totally successful, where might al some plurality end up on the constraint?The budget constraint is likely to be relatively flat (assuming food is on the horizontal axis) since Addictive Foods Corporation would mien arelatively lower price. Given your preferences, you are likely to end up consuming relatively large amounts of food. If the pricing strategy is successful most people would end up to the right of the midpoint of their budget constraint, i.e. they would consume relatively large amounts of food. (17) The Greenie Energy Corporation wants you to conserve your ho accustomhold energy employment electricity and gas.So Greenie designs a pricing strategy to encourage this result. Given your own utility preferences for the energy marketed and sold by Greenie, what is the likely shape of your budget constraint? Where might you end up on this constraint? If the pricing campaign is totally succe ssful, where might most people end up on the constraint? The budget constraint is likely to be steep (assuming that energy is on the horizontal axis). Greenie Energy Corporation would charge a relatively high price to discourage usage ofenergy. Given your preferences, you are likely to end up consuming relatively small amounts of energy. If the pricing strategy is successful most people would end up to the left of the midpoint of their budget constraint, i.e. they would consume relatively small amounts of energy.HW 2.(1) What does homogeneity of demand mean? If the prices of all goods rises by 10% and you get a 10% income raise, what happens to your real income and purchasing power. If you were to represent this situation on an indifference map as you consumed goods X and Y, how would you show it?Homogeneity of demand is x(p,m) = x(ap,am), i.e. as income and prices increase by same proportion, the demand remains unchanged.If the prices of all goods rise by 10% and income increases b y 10%, then your real income and purchasing power remains unchanged.On the indifference map you remain at your initial equilibrium. (2) You consume two goods, X and Y. You really prefer X to Y. alike for you Y is an Inferior good. X is a Normal good. Starting from an initial position of equilibrium, you face a sudden rise in income. Go re-establish a new equilibrium. How would you represent all of this on your indifference map?As your income increases, given that Y is inferior, you will consume less of Y and more of X. You operate to a higher indifference curve and hence attain more utility since the budget set has expanded.(3) You are in equilibrium on your indifference map with respect to X and Y. Your income does not change, but the price of X falls. You transport to a new point of equilibrium on the indifference map. sharpenWhere you end up if both X and Y are rule goods.Where you end up if X is normal and Y is inferior.Where you end up if X is inferior and Y is normal.Now essay the impact of the income and substitution effects with respect to your consumption of the good X in each of the three cases. ar the substitution effects different in each of these three two cases?As the price of X falls you will consume more and X and less of Y under the substitution effect. This holds across the three cases.In case of X and Y being normal goods, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume more of both X and Y. At the new equilibrium you will consume more X and the amount of Y consumed depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and income effects.In case of X being normal and Y being an inferior good, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume more of X and less of Y. At the new equilibrium you will consume more X and the amount of Y consumed falls. In case of X being an inferior good and Y being a normal good, a fall in the price of X increa ses your real income and hence with the income effect you consume less of X and moreof Y. At the new equilibrium your consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and income effects. For instance, if the substitution effect is stronger then you will consume more X and less Y.(4) What is a Giffen Paradox? If the good X is subject to a Giffen Paradox, show with indifference curve, how you would respond to a sudden rise in the price of X. Show the income and substitution effects with respect to your consumption of X after the price rise.According to the Giffen paradox as the income increases, you consume less of the good. For a given rise in price of X, the substitution effect induces you to consume less of X and more of Y. Since your real income has reduced, the income effect induces to consume more X (by Giffen paradox) and the consumption of Y reduces.At the new equilibrium, the final consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strength of income a nd substitution effects. If the income effect is stronger, then you will consume more X and less of Y at the new equilibrium.(5) Using indifference curve analysis, show how a TAX on the consumption of the good X can be less satisfactory from a satisfaction standpoint (utility standpoint) than a tax that raises the equivalent amount of money on income.A tax on X changes the price ratio and budget curve pivots inward. Let e1 be the new equilibrium point. For an equivalent tax on income, the new budget line will pass through this point parallel to the original indifference curve. The indifference curve at the equilibrium e1 cuts the budget curve with tax on income. Hence you move to a new indifference curve which is tangential to the budget curve with income tax, with the new equilibrium lying to the right of e1 and hence on a higher indifference curve.(6) Using indifference curve analysis, show how a unit TAX on the consumption of the good X that is all in all reimbursed back to the c onsumer can lead to less satisfaction than before, even when the entire tax amount is handedback to the consumer.(7) You are in equilibrium on your indifference map in your consumption of X and Y. The price of X drops. Show where you might end up if X and Y were complement goods. Show where you might end up if X and Y demonstrated substitut powerfulness.In case of complementary goods, a fall in price of X results in increase in consumption of both X and Y in a given proportion (depends on the ratio in which you consume the two). In case of substitutes assume that the price ratio equals the MRS which implies that you are consuming positive amounts of both goods at your equilibrium. However once the price of X falls, it makes X relatively cheaper of the two goods and being perfect substitutes, you will spend your entire income on X and none of Y.(8) Here is a question that deals with the notion of exogenous variables and your ability to consume goods and services.Lets say that you liv e on a Pacific Island with a bunch of other people. Lets say as well is that your profession is to make and sell wind kites. This is a very desirable form of entertainment for the islanders. The market has determined the price of what you make (wind-kites), and the prices of all of the other things that you want to buy. You consume coffee and edulcorate as goods X and Y. Your income is from the sale of wind-kites. You face two issues First, you really want more coffee and candy than you can afford, and Second, some other people are out there also making wind-kites.So, what do you propose to do to raise your income (push out your budget constraint) in order to consume more of these two items that you really crave? How would you represent your successful efforts on a two-dimension graph? What if the price of coffee skyrockets? What happens to your graph? What happens to your consumption of coffee and candy if both are normal goods? What additional steps might you take to maintain you r purchasing power over the goods you demand to consume?When it comes to your manufacture of wind-kites, can you think in what ways any accumulated knowledge and wisdom on the island (the past experience andefforts of other people) helps you in your profession?Note there are many possible answers to (8), but all follow a correct micro-economic logic. And this is an economic logic that we all face every day of our lives in the real world. I want to consume more coffee and candy but I am constrained by my budget. Hence to consume more of these goods I need to increase my budget, i.e. income and this can be done only by increasing profits from selling kites. iodin is to reduce the cost of manufacturing the kites which will in turn lead to higher profit margins on each unit of kite sold. Also there are others selling wind kites. To increase sales revenue, I can also lower my price, but this requires the demand for kites to be inelastic and my price cut should not be matched by the other kite sellers.If I can increase my income then I can consume more of the two goods and hence move to a higher indifference curve at the new equilibrium.However if the price of coffee increases, then under the substitution effect I consume less of coffee and more candy. But my real income has fallen and thus the income effect induces me to reduce consumption of both goods. At the final equilibrium, I will consume less coffee. The relative consumption level of candy depends on the strength of substitution effect relative to the income effect.If I can make use of accumulated knowledge and wisdom on the island, then it will help lower my costs of production and thus increase my profit margin on each unit sold.(9) Simple, but important. What is the difference between a shift in demand (an increase or decrease in demand) and a change in the quantity demanded? What do these concepts have to do with endogenous and exogenous variables?A shift in demand implies movement along different demand curves. A demand curve shifts when an exogenous variable changes.A change in quantity demanded is a movement along the demand curve.A changein demand occurs when the endogenous variable varies.(10) Now here is a challenge. If you can work through the answer to this problem and understand it, you will have an insight as to what can drive national economic and most especially foreign policy of a country like the United States. The gross domestic product of the USA is almost 70% consumption of goods and services by individuals. It is desire and possibility to consume all these goods that provide incentives for businesses tomake the goods and therefore provide commerce and income for hundreds of millions of people.Just about all of the goods that we consume and use in the USA are made with petroleum (oil) as an input. Soap, plastics, machines, medicines, and (obviously) gasoline and diesel fuel are examples. Suppose we had an indifference curve that showed the relationship between the consumption of all oil and oil-based goods (X) and all other goods (Y) for all Americans.Show what would typically happen in terms of income effects, substitution effects, and welfare loss if the US suddenly faced a large rise in the price of imported oil. A large rise in the price of imported oil would make imports relatively expensive. Given that 70% of income is spent on imports, the increase in price of imports significantly reduces the purchasing power of income and you move to a lower indifference curve. Hence there is a large reduction in welfare.(11) An issue facing just about all consumers (ALL OF US) is that of trying to move out the budget constraint (increasing purchasing power through a rise in income). I admit, I want that too. Using indifference curve analysis, we see how movements in income can compensate for price changes.Lets say you were faced with a rise in the general price level for the goods you desire to consume. How would this impact your position in the b udget-constraint indifference curve diagram?Now, remembering the diagram about allowance and wage-power that I put on the board in an early lecture, think of ways that you could try to remedy this situation, right now? Remember the three factors that will determine howmuch purchasing power you will have over the goods and services that others in the community produce (should you WANT to consume them).What resources are there in the community that can help you solve this problem? (This is a very practical and real-life question that should make our ECN 100 theory more pertinent to you.)A general rise in the price of goods would shift the budget constraint inward, i.e. your budget set contracts since the purchasing power reduces. This induces you to move to a lower indifference curve.The lower purchasing power can be compensated for by increasing the number of hours worked (i.e. by reducing leisure enjoyed). Alternatively, you can commit your income in inflation-indexed bonds which will prevent your purchasing power from decreasing.(12) Which of the two phrases that follow would indicate a demand curve moving vertically or horizontally?An article that coffee is healthy results in people drinking more coffee at any price.An article that coffee is healthy results in people wanting to hire more for coffee no matter how much they drink.The first article indicates a shift of the demand curve. The article induces people to change their tastes and hence consume more coffee at the same price. (13) If he price of coffee rises from $3 to $4 per pound and as a result you lower your consumption of coffee from 4 pounds per week to 3 pounds per week, what is your personal elasticity of demand for coffee? Is your demand elastic or inelastic at this point? The elasticity is given by e=(dQ/dP)/(P/Q) = -1*(3/4) =0.75. Your demand is inelastic at this point since ebagels purchased? What can Noah expect to happen to his total revenue earned after this price increase of the bage l? Why would a typical business desire a demand curve for its product that is as to the lowest degree elastic or as inelastic as possible?We can assume that the price elasticity for Noahs Bagels is inelastic if it is less than 1. We can get price elasticity as, e= (% change in demand)/(%change in price). Since demand is inelastic, eIf the price elasticity of demand is inelastic, then as the price increases, the total revenue will increase. If the price elasticity of demand is elastic, then as the price increases the total revenue falls. For unitary elastic demand, for changes in price, the total revenue remains unchanged.(16) If a linear demand curve has a slope of One, what is the value of the price elasticity of demand on this demand curve at its midpoint? What is the value of the price elasticity on the curve above the midpoint? Below the midpoint?For a linear demand curve of slope=1, we have dQ/dP=1.At the midpoint, P=Q. Hence e=(dQ/dP)/(P/Q) =1.For any point above the midpoin t, PQ, thus e1 and for any point below the demand curve, Pchanges for coffee, why is it that the demand curve would ALWAYS be downward sloping. Show how this demand curve would be determined using the indifference map and budget constraint diagram for a typical coffee consumer. The substitution effect induces the consumer to consume more of the relatively cheaper good. Hence as the price of a good increases you will substitute away from it. Hence the demand curve under the substitution effect is downward sloping.An increase in the price of X pivots the budget curve inwards around the vertical intercept. To capture the substitution effect, a new budget curve where the real income is held constant is defined. The initial equilibrium is at e0. For the budget curve to the right of e0 lies below the original budget curve and hence was already affordable. Hence the consumer will consume to the left of e0 under the new equilibrium. Hence as the price of X increases, the substitution effect induces the consumer to reduce the consumption of X. (19) Lets say the commodity X is a Giffen Good. Using the indifference map and budget constraint for the typical consumer of this good, show how the combination of the substation and income effects results is an UPWARD SLOPING demand curve for X.For a given rise in price of X, the substitution effect induces you to consume less of X and more of Y. Since your real income has reduced, the income effect induces to consume more X (by Giffen paradox) and the consumption of Y reduces.At the new equilibrium, the final consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strength of income and substitution effects. If the income effect is stronger, then you will consume more X and less of Y at the new equilibrium. Hence as the price of X increases, you consume more of X and hence the demand curve is upward sloping.(20) This next question is related for (6) above and is repeated for emphasis. Your government wants you to consume less Coffee. It believes that the caffeine in coffee is nocent to your health. Thus, your government decides to place a tax on your purchase of coffee. Coffee is a NORMAL good.This tax is a FIXED PERCENTAGE of the price (amount of money) you pay to this product. For every dollar you spend on coffee, you pay a t percent tax on that dollar. Therefore the more money you spend on coffee, the more tax you pay.BUT, your government feels sorry for you and decides to deduction back to you the tax you pay on the coffee that you purchase (all of it). With the rebate, you can do what you wish. Please use the tools we have developed thus far in the course to show (1) The original consumer equilibrium before the tax and the impact of the tax on the budget line and the new consumer equilibrium after the imposition of the tax. (2) The impact of the tax rebate on the consumer and the new consumer equilibrium after the rebate.(3) How the new consumer equilibrium with the rebate leaves the consumer worse off tha n had the tax not been levied in the first place.Since you are moving to a lower indifference curve after the rebate, you are worse off under this system.(21) If potatoes are an inferior good, how would we show that to be the case using a simple calculation of the income elasticity of demand for potatoes? Income elasticity can be defines as, ei = (dQ/dI)/(I/Q).Since potatoes are inferior goods, as the income increases you consume less of it, i.e. (dQ/dI)Assuming that the demand is linear, i.e. it is a straight line joining (0,10) and (10,0), the consumer surplus for P=5 will be half the area of the triangle enclosed by the demand curve. Hence consumer surplus = *1/2*10*10 =$25.Consumer surplus on a unit sold is the difference between what the consumer is willing to pay for that less the amount he actually has to pay. Therefore the lower the price he has toactually pay relative to his willingness to pay, greater is his consumer surplus and hence greater the welfare.

An Analysis Of The Freedom Of Expression Politics Essay

An Analysis Of The Freedom Of Expression Politics Essay of all time since the approximation of freedom of verbal announceion flourished, there has al respectable smarts been that small irritating voice at the back of the governments head, contemplating as to whether or non freedom of reflection could one way or a nonher lead to the citizens taking advantage of their democratic rights. To stop such circumstance from happening, governments tend to put limits to the said advantage, the limits unremarkably varying with religious or cultural backgrounds that the government belongs to. So what exactly is freedom of expression? Precisely, the term alone says it all it is basically having the right to express ones thoughts, whether it is through speech, text or media, without having to worry about the consequences that one would have to face for not putting a boundary on the message existence conveyed due to the lack of censorship and restrictions imposed on the recount.The intenti on of freedom of expression is to stir the citizens of a state into comprehending truth on their own, making it an chance of self realization or human dignity (Freedom of Expression in Canada 1963). This leads to self development, which on some basis would be a beneficial point, if it was not for the risk that self development might also lead to the realization of how corrupt a state may be on some terms, or how much a state lacks a certain foundation. To illustrate this further, it is most always likely that a state which supports freedom of expression to be a democratic state the government of the people, ruled by the people for the citizens make their own decisions, whether political or nonpolitical, through their freedom rights (Ray 2004). However, that does not necessarily involve that any state which claims to be democratic in truth supports its citizens when it comes to freedom of expression.A small result of political analysts believe that the main reason that more than voltaic pile of Arab countries do not follow a democratic regime is for the cause that these Arab countries are also at the same time Muslim countries (Otterman 2003). Conversely, an excerpt from the Islamic Quran deems this piece of misleading fact to be false Islam clearly states that freedom of speech in all cases should be accepted within a society, unless the claims being made are evil, obscene, immoral, or hurtful to others that is if it is not done to serve the cause of justice (Kamali 1997). That being said, it is acceptable to say that there are in fact states in the Middle East which practice a democratic regime, such as flop. However, we do have other cases in the Arab population which lack democracy and the comfort of the government allowing its citizens to freely express themselves for other reasons, such as the fear of citizens overthrowing the government. One state which can exemplify this popular opinion would be Egypt.The Republic of bomb calorimeter is one of the very few democratic states in the Middle East which decidedly supports a democratic regime blow over in hand with freedom of expression. This piece of information unfortunately goes incorrect. The start of a democratic regime in Turkey was not easy journalists would interpret to express their thoughts via newspapers, only to be oppressed by the government by being forced to shut down their newspapers, or being prosecuted or arrested (Obituary Hrant dink 2007). Mustafa Kemal Ataturk the father of all Turks then came into the picture he came into power in the early 1920s, being elected president of The Grand National Assembly of Turkey.He claimed Turkey as a Republic state in October 29th, 1923 before initiating democracy in Turkey a year later in the years from 1924 up until 1938, he introduced to the state a series of radical reforms in the countrys political, social, and economic life known as the Ataturk Reforms, in attempt to turn Turkey into a westernized, democrati c and secular state (Sansal 1996-2010). Throughout these reforms, he succeeded in adopting general European policies, such as accepting new penal codes, and changing the Islamic prayer call and the Quran readings from the regular Arabic to the Turkish language. He even insisted on getting the citizens to dress like the Europeans did, and overall choke a basic European lifestyle. The people of Turkey easily succumbed to all the changes that Ataturk developed, de ballotd to the ideas he proposed, and so they accepted the new implemented courses of action with arms wide open.During his reign in power, Ataturk managed banning the religious brotherhoods giving civil rights to the women of the country through a new civil code, and also the right to vote and run in parliamentary elections introducing Secularism into Turkey banning the public use of the Arabic script and joining the League of Nations. The changes he implemented upon the country lifelessness remain until today and foreve r on in the hearts of Turkish people, for it was he who had modernized and democratized the nation state. He established elections, which gave the right for the people of Turkey to voice their own opinion as to who they think should be Prime Minister or President of the state (MidEastWeb for Coexistence RA. n.d.).While the public sees Turkey as an all democratic state, on the other hand the citizens in the state are actually in fact being oppressed by the media, not being able to voice their opinions. In the year 2005, Turkey established a new penal code Article 301 which summed up that it is officially immoral for a Turk to insult any sort of Turkishness, whether it is the ethnicity, government institutions, or just general criticism against the government. The penalty for breaking the code would be an imprisonment of a period between six months and three years. This Article caused an up riot, since it got in the way of democracy and freedom of expression it even disqualified Tu rkeys request to be a part of the European Union. A number of journalists were prosecuted, some sentenced to imprisonment such as Hrant Dink, a famous Turkish journalist who was put on a suspended sentence and Noam Chomsky, who was put on a trial but was soon after cleared of all charges (Armenian Assembly of America 2009).A second Middle Eastern state that also claims to be democratic, as mentioned above, is Egypt. Yes, elections do build place in Egypt, and, yes, several candidates do step up to have their say. It is a multi-party government, and people are always expressing their love for the country freely, whether it is shown on TV or in the newspapers. All of this is with the exception that the citizens of Egypt are actually living genuinely oppressed lives, and being led on by the government to think that Egypt is a democratic country, when in fact the government plays its way around and acts for itself from behind the scenes (Consolatore 2005).The declaration of the Republi c of Egypt was proposed in the year 1953 by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser had then taken Naguibs position as president, and made several further attempts to alter Egypt from a Dictatorial Republic state to a Democratic Republic one. However, Egypt was at the time a police state, and remained being one up until the 1980s. at a lower place both Nassers and Anwar Sadats, the third president of Egypt, rule, the freedom to express ones thoughts was completely prohibited such laws concludes that Nassers accomplishments happened to fall short of democracy (Guindy and Shukrallah 2000).Despite Nassers many accomplishments of which he nationalized all industry, banned the Muslim Brotherhood and the communists, and gave women more political rights people argue that he could have still done and sacrificed more for the country. He had the power, and the opportunity to full democratize Egypt for once and for all, since people were liberal back then, and were more open-minded to freedom (Totten 2005). However, what Nasser did was ban all political parties, eliminating any other competition. Former presidents added on to Nassers mistakes Sadat, by bringing back the Muslim Brotherhood into the state of Egypt and Hosni Mubarak, the latest President of Egypt, by oppressing all liberals (Totten 2005).As a result, a great number of people were put on trials due to freedom of expression, from under Gamal Abdel Nassers era, to Anwar Sadats, and up to the present day, Hosni Mubaraks. In an interview done by The Arabic Network for man Rights knowledge, the legal advisor for the syndicate of journalists stated that there have been more than one thousand cases, and the number of trials is about five hundreds (Arabic Network for Human Rights Information 2007). Protests have been held against the government, but journalists and women are attacked by the police, as if doing so would justify all means.Strangely enough, on top of all the oppression and the prosecutions taking place, a number of people in Egypt believe that the lack of freedom of expression is all for the best and not for Islamic reasons These people believe that if competitions and elections were fair, and that the balloting was not toyed with, then there would be more than a fifty percent chance that the Muslim Brotherhood would get most votes, being the party to take hold of the country. This being done would completely wipe out the idea of Egypt having any freedom whatsoever by becoming an Islamic state, this means that books would be banned, just so that people would not get any new or crazy ideas and women would be forced to wear the headscarf (Totten 2005). The other percentage of Egyptians who do not vote for the Muslim Brotherhood are completely against the idea of Egypt becoming an Islamic state, which is why not much is being done to intensify the freedom of expression in Egypt. There is also the idea that Egypt has to go through Islamism in order to reach liberalism, just like Afghanistan had done, but the idea is clearly too much of a risk (Totten 2005).If one were to talk about democracy as a whole, regarding Egypts and Turkeys current condition, then it should be taken for granted(predicate) that Turkey is much better off on the subject of competition they have between their candidates the political participation that the citizens of Turkey obtain the rights, equality and frankness that they are given as a group and furthermore, the confidence in knowing that the voting procedures and the balloting are to be trusted, instead of being deceitful.A citizen accustomed to Western or European democratic standards might reflect that neither Turkey nor Egypt should be labeled as a democratic state at all in the first place, due to the restrictions imposed on the citizens living there. Still, there are levels to freedom of expression which should be considered before leap to a conclusion. First, many people confuse freedom of expression with freed om of criticism, or biased unthinking. That sort of operation is often overlooked and mistaken to be legitimate and politically moral. For instance, there was the case in the year 2005 when twelve comical caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed were drawn and published in a Danish newspaper, plain offending the Muslims and causing an up riot for obvious reasons. This act of freedom of expression was deliberately provocative towards Muslims, winding up in a monolithic outrage throughout the different Islamic countries, resulting in deaths and destruction (Asser 2010).Many people might argue that there should be no limits to freedom of expression whatsoever. One must agree that each person should not feel permit to free his or her own opinions, but as long as it does not reach the borders of criticism. Limits should be applied in order to protect the rights of others in the end, it is all also a matter of respecting others. Giving the people the right to freely criticize one another creat es a spark of hatred between the community, which could eventually lead to unnecessary rebellion and riot.

Assessment and Management of Pressure Ulcers: Nursing Interventions

Assessment and Management of squeeze Ulcers Nursing InterventionsPressure ulcers save to present a prevalent concern for unhurrieds in health c are facilities and the incidence is even expected to rise advance with the increasing age of the population. This is a problem that has high potential to be celebrateed. Therefore, the prevention, assessment, and management of decubitus ulcers are of great importance to healthcare professionals who are charged with the care for these individuals (Clarke et al., 2005).Pressure sores occur when on that point are localized areas of tissue damage or ulceration of the integument second to lightd blood supply disruption to these soft tissues. This occurs as a payoff of constant tweet, where the mash exerted on an area is greater than the capillary compress ca utilise ischemia, friction, or shear force. Florence Nightingale, often considered the pioneer of nursing, recognized in 1860 that timbre nursing care can prevent the occurrence o f decubitus ulcers among patients (O intentiony, 2005). Quality of care will be increased with the implementation of nursing interventions surrounding bed sores.Pressure ulcers present a address to the health care providers, both financi tout ensembley and time. Pressure ulcers can increase nursing time up to 50%, which is comparatively substantial considering many healthcare facilities face nursing staff shortages (Clarke et al.). According to the article written by Joan Wurster, the cost of pressure ulcers is substantial with stage one, two, and triad stage ulcers costing between $2,000 and $30,000, and stage four pressure ulcers costing up to $70,000. The cost involved with treating such(prenominal) bed sores often times exceeds the cost of prevention by a large sum of money (Wurster, 2007). Preventative measures are, at that placefore, essential to implement and include interventions. There are several guidelines listed in content Guideline Clearingho accustom regarding pres sure ulcers including Assessment and Management of Stage I to IV Pressure Ulcers. This guideline establishes several recommendations such as assessing a patients risk apply the Braden de dental plate, use of special pressure reducing mattresses, managing adequate nutrition. If a pressure sore is to develop, evidence shows that a proper high-protein sustenance, the use of wet-dressings, and hyperbaric group O as interventions all promote the wound healing process. In taking such actions, the terminus of the healthcare provider is that the patient will be free of pressure ulcers during hospital care and appropriately assessed and managed if one does occur (Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, 2007). Research shows that using evidence-based guidelines, which incorporate scientific evidence and clinical expertise, are the premise of successful prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers (Clarke et al., 2005).Assessment of Patient Risk Using the Braden masterPrompt and accu rate risk assessment is critical in preventing the formation of pressure ulcers. The Braden Scale was created and is now used in countless hospitals to facilitate and guide the nursing care team in their evaluation. Not only can this assessment utensil inform a health care professional of any propensities towards skin break down, but also may allow him or her to treat the chink prophylacticly if indicated. Rather than just risk assessment, the Braden Scale may be used for evaluation of the current effectiveness of ulcer care regime for patients with brisk ulcers (Braden Maklebust, 2005).The Braden Scale was created in 1984 by Barbara J. Braden, to accurately and systematically describe the risk for development of pressure ulcers (Braden Maklebust, 2005). This scale includes six subscales sensory perception, moisture, activity level, mobility, nutrition status, as hygienic as the skins exposure to friction and shear forces. Using established guidelines, the nurse assesses the p atient and associates his or her findings with a numerical value. These are combined and a patient is given a total score which is indicative of the clients risk of developing a pressure ulcer (Ousey, 2005). Final scores can range anywhere from 6-23. A person is considered at risk if their resulting score is less than 18, as this is the point seek shows the relationship between ulcers and risk factors becomes relevant. The lower a patients score, the greater threat they experience of developing a pressure sore (Braden Maklebust, 2005). This education can be used to determine what preventative practices can be implemented, as well as the establishment of baselines to gauge the effectiveness of the practices.It should be standard protocol for healthcare facilities to squander their staff use the Braden Scale or new(prenominal) objective risk assessment tools when appropriate. Currently, most accreditation agencies now require some form of risk assessment, yet often assessment ar e shortened, excluding vital factors and skewing the boldness of the assessment (Braken Maklebust, 2005). It is up to hospitals, or other care facilities, to ensure that these measures are being implemented. It is best if a minimum standard protocol is established, and the frequency of assessments trig based on the individuals needs. Recommendations suggest an assessment upon admittance and base the remaining intervals off of the stability of the patients condition. In an acute care setting it is suggested patients be reassessed at least every forty-eight hours, if not more frequently. ICU patients should be reassessed daily if they remain in a stable state or every shift if they are not (Braken Maklebust, 2005). In the event of the discovery of the indicators of pressure sores then increasingly aggressive preventative measures can be implemented to prevent the occurrence of ulcers, and minimize the discomfort or complications to the patient.Once standard protocols are integrate d it is important to rate their effectiveness. Baseline values must be obtained. Since the goal surrounding this nursing intervention is reducing the frequency, it would be logical to obtain the rate at which pressure ulcers are occurring, taking into account the demographics of the patients being quantifyd. Braden scale assessment totals and other assessment findings such as erythema, non-blanching hyperaemia, blisters, discoloration, and localized heat and edema, should be documented for each patient and checked for improvement for the individual (Braden Maklebust, 2005 Ousey, 2005). proof of this documentation must be recorded. After a healthcare facility establishes a standard for using a risk assessment tool at a set interval, the rate should once again be evaluated and compared to the original figures to note any improvement. Studies have been conducted in a similar fashion to evaluate the success of employing the Braden Scale into common practice. A study found that patie nts in a large tertiary care ICU, after Horn and colleagues implemented use of the Braden Scale and preventive protocols, the incidence of pressure Ulcers among the most critically ill patients decreased from 33% to 9% ( as cited in Braden Maklebust, 2005, p. 71). Statistical analysis shows that including the use of the Braden Scale in your plan of care can reduce the rate of pressure ulcer formation substantially, making this guideline applicable to the patient goal. delectation of High Specification Foam MattressPressure ulcers occur as a result of decreased capillary blood flow to dermal tissues, as oxygen and nutrients are not delivered, and wastes not removed. The use of support surfaces, such as mattresses, mattress overlays, or dynamic support surfaces, is an intervention for prophylactic treatment of pressure injury.In order maintain some perfusion, the external tissue pressure must remain higher up the capillary closing pressure of 33 mmHg. This is of extreme conditional relation around bony prominences , including tissues over the sacrum, Ischia, greater trocanters, external malleoli, and heels, all of which are frequent areas susceptible to impair localized skin integrity (Thomas, 2008). According to Ousey, this information is very pertinent, especially when doing a comparison to the force between bony prominences and a standard hospital mattress. These forces ranged between 70 and 100 mmHg, clearly above the capillary closing pressure. If a patient is unable to move, this pressure is too great for the body to handle, and tissue damage occurs (Ousey, 2005). The use of high specification suds mattresses cradles the body in its entirety and distributes the saddle so pressure is distributed over a larger surface area (McInnes, Cullum, Bell-Syer, Dumville, 2008). The goal of replacing the mattress or using other supportive surfaces is to reduce the pressure between the patient and the supportive surface below 33mmHg, allowing for blood flow in tho se patients who are immobile or have decreased sensation (Thomas, 2008).Preventative transfers of patients of moderate to high risk for developing pressure ulcers to high pressure reducing surfaces has the ability to substantially decrease the prevalence of pressure related injuries. The Prevention and Management of Pressure Ulcers article states that when compared to a standard hospital mattress, a number of pressure-reducing devices lower the incidence of pressure ulcers by about 60% (Thomas, 2008, p. 243). Regulation surrounding this issue should be instituted as part of the creation of the plan of care when considering prediction and prevention of decubitus ulcers. Evidence-based research shows that there is no significant difference between eh use of alternating pressure dynamic air flow beds, silicone overlays, foam overlays, sheepskin overlays, or other air filled devices. Health care facilities should take into account the cost and ease of use when purchasing these (Reddu, G ill, Rochon, 2006).Once again, in order to evaluate effectiveness, baseline values of the grade and prevalence of ulcers must be obtained and compared with values obtained at a later time after changes in care have been implemented. It is important to note such things as the age, activity tolerance, gender, present illnesses, and type of supportive surface used to prevent the formation of an ulcer. A guideline followed in an experiment conducted by de Laat, preventative transfers were arranged prior to ulcer formation in the event of finding nonblanchable erythema or an expected immobility exceeding 72 hours. Following these procedures surrounding preventative transfers, as well as the sound clinical judgment, proved to be the of the strongest statistical significance in reducing the pressure ulcer density grade II-IV within a one year time period (de Laat et al., 2007). The use of pressure-reducing surfaces, especially if used as a early, is another(prenominal) intervention that w ill second reach the patient goal of preventing the occurrence of pressure ulcers.Managing NutritionInsufficient nutrition predisposes individuals to developing a pressure ulcer, as well as delays the healing process of sores that do form. Proper nourishment and hydration are behind all body processes, both vital in serve and not. It is imperative to maintain good nutrition to provide an optimal environment so that homeostasis may be maintained. However, it is a common occurrence that clients who are admitted to the hospital dont have optimal intake of food or water due to a variety of factors including eating nothing by mouth prior to surgery, unconsciousness, looking of nausea, presence of illness, polypharmacy, and physical or mental disability (Ousey, 2005). These conditions may result in poor nutrition or malnutrition statuses. The problem lies in the fact that there is no definitive diagnosis for undernutrition. Weight loss and biochemical data of hepatic proteins are the a ccepted standard. Albumin, pre-albumin, and hemoglobin levels are analyzed. Even though these indicators help health care professionals evaluate possible nutrition issues and possibly identify those at risk for developing, they can fluctuate due to underlying disease or hydration status (Dorner, Posthauer, Thomas 2009 Thomas, 2008). Inadequate intake of calories, proteins, fluids, vitamins, and minerals, as well as a low body mass index, may result in impaired skin integrity. It is not yet universally accepted that nutrition status is directly linked to the development of pressure ulcers because studies have not been producing consistent results video display the relationship. On the other hand, there is an accepted correlation between nutritional status and wound care healing. Therefore, it is essential that clinical malnutrition is prevented. A well-balanced diet high in protein is necessary for the healing of pressure ulcers (Dorner, Posthauer, Thomas 2009).Increased calorie and nutrient consumption is required to overcome the hypermetabolic state and increased button needs. Carbohydrates are needed for the synthesis of glucose, glutamine is needed to serve as a fuel source for epithelial cells, arginine is supports the formation of protein, fluids are needed to serve as a solvent and transportation, ascorbic acid for the production of collagen, and zinc for collagen formation, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation. Perhaps the most important nutrient needed for wound healing is protein. It is needed to maintain nitrogen balance and for the synthesis of enzymes involved in wound healing and collagen and connective tissue production. In order to ensure that all clients have met these nutritional needs, support may be desirable. These include consultation with a dietitian, consultation with a speech pathologist if indicated, use of nutritional supplements, enteral feeding, and parenteral nutrition (Dorner, Posthauer, Thomas 2009).All people are at risk for malnutrition whether young or old, so upon admission, all patients nutritional status should be assessed to determine existing or potential malnutrition, and referred for further help if indicated. Throughout the clients stay at the hospital, all patients intake should be monitored for nutritional value and fluid consumption. If indicated additional supplements should be given within recommended daily intake norms if needs are not met. The obtained information on nutritional status must then be compared with procession made in the healing of the pressure sore, including decreased size of it and depth, as well as decreased exudate. Reassessment of hepatic lab proteins and body weight may be recorded multiple times to evaluate any improvements. Adequate nutrition may prevent the development of pressure ulcers. More significantly a well balanced-high protein diet can be used in the management of pressure ulcers in the aspect of promoting healing if a pressure ulcer does develop ( Ousey, 2005).Use of dampure-retentive DressingIn the event that all preventative measures have failed, and a pressure ulcer does form, it is recommended that moisture-retentive dressings are used to encourage healing. Moist wound treatment has shown to be optimal in promoting reepithelialization. According to Thomas, Moist wound healing allows experimentally induced wounds to resurface up to 40% quicker than air-exposed wounds (Thomas, 2008, p. 246). There are now dressings, called occlusive dressings that were developed to maintain the moist environment. There are other benefits to using this treatment as wounds are further protected from infection and pain is reduced (Thomas, 2008).The introduction of occlusive dressings as a primary treatment is beneficial. Several types of occlusive dressings may be used, such as polymer foams, hydrogels, hydrocolloids, alginates, and biomembranes. All of these have proven to be effective. Four out of five trials comparing hydrocolloid dressing with a moist gauze dressing demo higher healing rates (Thomas, 2008, p 250). Effectiveness of treatment can be evaluated in the time needed for complete healing. Decrease in size and depth, reduced erythema , no exudates production, and increased collagen synthesis are all signs and symptoms indicating healing of pressure ulcers (Ousey, 2005).Hyperbaric Oxygen TreatmentHyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for chronic wound care is a relatively new concept. Sometimes pressure sores take a prolonged period of time to heal. In HBO therapy, the patient intermittently breathes 100T% oxygen, while the pressure exerted on the body within the treatment chamber is raised to greater than 1 atmosphere absolute (Hunter, Langemo, Anderson, Hanson, Thomson, 2010, p 116). Often chronic wounds take a nightlong duration to heal due to ischemic injury, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy directly addresses that. These specialized conditions are at the root of why hyperbaric oxygen therapy proves to be benefi cial. In these chambers, the total of oxygen availability is significant and increased atmospheric pressure causes oxygen exchange between the air and the tissues (Hunter et al., 2010). This regime involves effective management and treatment of pressure ulcers in the event a pressure ulcer does not heal.Although not available at all facilities, hyperbaric oxygen therapy should be recognized as a treatment option for chronic pressure ulcers. Patients should be presented with the option if indicated. To ensure this alternative treatment is presented, it should become a standard requirement to document it. If this becomes the survival of therapy, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment by looking for signs of ulcer healing. In one study, chronic wounds were monitored for an eight week time period with hyperbaric therapy. The results showed wither of wound size in all participants and even a 16% healing rate (Hunter et al, 2010). Similar standards would need to be implemented with therapy to ensure its cogency to the individual patient. Hyperberberic oxygen treatment should not be mandatory, but recognized as an option when considering the patient goal of managing pressure ulcers.ConclusionAlthough pressure ulcers are a problem found in many healthcare facilities, it is a problem that has a wide range of solutions. Decubitus ulcers can negatively affect a clients case of life and there are potential medical complication, including coma and death associated with this condition. Proper assessment and management of pressure ulcers is a reflection of quality of care. Evidence-based nursing interventions such as assessing a patients risk using the Braden Scale, use of special pressure reducing mattresses, managing adequate nutrition the use of wet-dressings, and hyperbaric oxygen as treatments, have been proven to be effective and are all of great importance in improving patient care (Registered Nurses Association of Ontario , 2007). The goa l of guardianship patients free of ulcers during hospitalization and proper management of pressure ulcers if one does develop, must be at the root of all tasks. Evidence Based guidelines must be established and disseminated throughout the United States, and practiced in order to reduce the frequency and improve the care surrounding pressure ulcers.

Analysis of NFL Injuries

Analysis of NFL InjuriesINTRODUCTIONAchilles sinew (AT) ruptures are increasing in relative incidence across all populations1-9. Recent large-scale analyses put the incidence as high as 7-40 ruptures per 100,000 person-years3-5, 10. A 33-year study from Finland discovered from 1979 to 2011 the stain enjoin add-ond from 2.1 to 21.5 ruptures per 100 person-years in all age groups and activities6. Even in the athlete population, the issuance of athletes suffering AT ruptures is increasing which poses a potentially career-altering and even ending injury1, 6, 11-13. Nearly a third (27.5-32%) of all National Football partnership (NFL) players who suffer an AT rupture are unable to redress to competition13, 14. In the NFL from 1980-2001, around 4 AT ruptures that required functional intervention occurred each year11. From 2009 to 2014 in the NFL, there was an amount of 14.67 (Standard deviation 4.13) AT ruptures each season15.These ruptures are seen most frequently in running, ju mping and cutting movements6, 12, 16. Achilles tendon ruptures typically occur from a non-contact mechanism during explosive acceleration or a sudden change of direction with an eccentrically loaded foot14. The AT has elastic properties that are required for locomotion and is the strongest tendon in the human body12, 17, 18. This elastic nature and strength allows it to transmit high forces, up to 12 times ones body weight17, 19, 20. Durability requirements of the AT create a unique set of challenges in proper word decisions. Current reconstruction concepts differ behind the ideal treatment strategy9, 21. The recovery process from all operative techniques is an arduous challenge involving significant physical therapy and medical treatment. Unfortunately a absolute majority of patients, especially those in the general population are able to return to a pre-injury level, with the current exception being elite athletes22.Although several studies evaluate AT ruptures in multiple popul ations, including professed(prenominal) gymnastics, studies that assess trends in professional football plunk for are scarce. NFL athletes provide an interesting patient population due to the intricate details and variables inform for every game where selective information is archived and widely available. A new-fangled NFL Injury Surveillance System (ISS) analysis by Mai HT et al., discovered just a 72.5% return to play rate for athletes who suffered an AT rupture. If the athlete was able to return, the average return was 375.1 days, similar to the recovery plosive speech sound for ACL reconstruction (378.1 days)13. Athletes fortunate enough to return to competitive action frequently experience a significant decrease in performance, and their competitive athletic longevity whitethorn be shortened13, 14, 23. The potential devastating effect on high-level athletes has required the development of ideas to optimize treatment management and improve return to play rates23.Previo usly, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been scrutinized due to their high incidence, long rehabilitative process and potential career-threatening nature of the injury24. A recent review by Balazs et al. identified quartet studies that demonstrate an increase risk of ACL injury on artificial play come out of the closets in football cohorts, although these findings are non consistent across all studies24. Current question evaluates multiple variables in efforts to find potential contributing risk factors, including playing surface, that whitethorn increase the risk and rate of these devastating injuries24, 25. Identifying and understanding risk factors from prior re wait has been used to develop and improve protocols and outcomes after ACL injuries24. With the growing incidence of AT injuries, research is necessary to improve management and prevention of AT ruptures, especially in football players where the current literature is limited.This study performed an exte nsive review of reported NFL injuries from general injury records and injury reports during the 2009-10 to 2016-17 seasons. This data was compiled to monitor the incidence and injury rates of AT injuries that occurred during the fixing season to evaluate the influence of playing surface on rupture rate. Additionally, further analysis to identify potential effects of position and frequency of injury at different periods of the season on AT ruptures was performed to transcend future studies. Our hypothesis is that playing surface has no impact on the incidence and injury rate of AT ruptures in professional football players despite a recent overall increase in AT ruptures.METHODSA thorough online review was conducted by three co-authors to document AT ruptures sustain in the NFL in the midst of the 2009-10 and 2016-17 seasons. Online search criteria consisted of information acquired from Rotoworld.com, NFL.com, ESPN.com, SBNation.com, SI.com and from each aggroups local sports r eports and blogs covering the team. Open searches through Google.com use combinations of the words Achilles and tendon along with the player, team and year of injury. promulgated weekly injury reports and team injury reserve lists were utilized to identify players who suffered injuries to their lower extremity or leg. Their names were added to the open internet search reveal words in attempts to improve accuracy of documenting all AT ruptures of NFL athletes. Only injuries with corresponding reports that established the injury were included.Additional information gathered through the online search and acquired reports included player- particularized details including team, position, approximate date of injury, activity at time of injury and other injury specific details including mechanism and playing surface when available. Injury incidence was recorded for each season. A season was defined as the day after the prior crack Bowl until the day of the Super Bowl in each given seas on. Descriptive statistics characterizing the injuries by playing surface, time in the season (broken up in to four game segments specific to each team considering their bye week) and players participating on offense, defense or being a specialist (i.e. kicker, punter, long-snapper) were determined for analysis. As previously described by Lawrence et al., injury rates were calculated per 100 team-games (TG)26. A TG is defined as one team exposure to a game26. One fixity season or post-season game is rival to two TG as there are two individual teams participating in each game26. Mid-P exact tests were calculated to evaluate differences in IRs with statistical significance established at p Team and schedule information was gathered through Pro Football Reference and official team websites. The yearly team schedules and location of games played was recorded to help determine the home team and playing surface for all injuries suffered in games. Adjustments were made when games did not take place at the stadium of the home team and corrected accordingly. An analysis of the number of AT injuries per game for each variable was calculated. An NFL game in this study included the participation of two teams. Injury rate ratios were used to compare the incidence of AT injuries on different playing surfaces (i.e. natural deceive and artificial turf).RESULTSBetween the 2009-10 and 2016-17 seasons, there were a total of 45 Achilles tendon ruptures reported in the NFL during games (Figure 1). there was a subtle increase in the number of ruptures suffered each year. The most Achilles tendon ruptures occurred during the 2013-14 and 2016-17 season (N = 9) and the incidence of ruptures on grass was 24 (IR 1.00 per 100 TG) compared to 21 (IR 1.13 per 100 TG) on artificial turf playing surfaces (Figure 2). The difference in rate was not statistically significant (p = .67).Of the 45 Achilles tendon ruptured over the eight years, 32 (71.1%) were suffered by defensive players. Off ensive players all sustained 13 ruptures and specialists reported no ruptures over that time (Figure 3). Defensive players suffered the greatest number of Achilles tendon ruptures every season monitored except for 2015-16. Defensive players had a significantly increased IR (p = .005) compared to offensive players (Table 1). When factoring in the playing surface, offensive players suffered a higher percentage of their ruptures on turf (N = 8, 61.5%) compared to defensive players that sustained a great number of their ruptures on natural grass (N = 19, 59.4%).Achilles tendon ruptures were most likely to occur early in the season. The greatest incidence was reported in the 1st or 2nd 4 game segments of the regular season schedule (N = 17 and N = 14 respectively). These 31 ruptures in the start 8 games of the regular season made up 68.9% of all Achilles ruptures in games over eight seasons (Table 2). There was a significant rate difference between the first four games of the regular s eason with the last four games of the regular season (IRR 3.40, p = .01). The second four games of the regular season also show a significant rate difference with the final four games of the regular season (IRR 2.80, p = .04).DISCUSSIONPrevious studies have documented the increased incidence of acute Achilles tendon ruptures in the general population. After the NFL lockout, the increasing incidence of Achilles tendon ruptures in the NFL was noted and gained national attention11. The purpose of this study was to document the incidence and injury rates of Achilles tendon ruptures in games over eight NFL seasons. Using this data, we were able to evaluate the potential influence of playing surface on the rate of Achilles tendon ruptures between grass and artificial turf to improve our understanding of the growing injury. Game information provides playing surface details for each game for analysis. Since this injury compilation is from public records, the ability to accurately identify t he playing surface for facts of life and traffic pattern injuries is limited.Analysis of 4,272 regular season and playoff team-games reported 45 Achilles tendon ruptures. The overall game injury rate was 1.05 AT ruptures per 100 TG. As the current literature on AT rupture epidemiology in professional football is limited, this is one of the few studies in the past decade reporting IRs. The IR for artificial turf was 1.13 per 100 TG and 1.00 per 100 TG on natural grass. There was no demonstrated difference between rates on artificial turf and natural grass (p = .67). These early findings support that playing surface does not affect the rate of AT ruptures.Other studies evaluating injury patterns have confirmed that certain injuries are more likely during certain activities or periods of the season, like crucify strains in the NFL preseason27. To further understand our findings, overall AT ruptures were broken down in to four game segments of the regular season and the post-season. The greatest IR was discovered in the first and second four-game portions of the regular season (IR 1.66 and 1.37 per 100 TG respectively). The only significant rate difference occurred between those two four-game segments with the final four games of the regular season (p = .01 and .04 respectively). These findings support the significantly increased rate of injury early in the season. A further analysis of all AT ruptures in practice and games is important to help understand the significance of these early findings. Previously between the 1997 and 2002 seasons, a total AT analysis reported that Achilles tendon ruptures sustained were as distributed14. Our game findings do not support this earlier analysis however, the overall incidence has increased substantially since the previous study14. Further evaluation may confirm these findings and help identify risk factors that lead to an increased risk of AT rupture early in the season. Additionally, further evaluation should identify if this increase is only during the beginning of the regular season or is also distributed throughout pre-season training camps.Immediately following the NFL lockout in the 2011 season, there were 10 reported Achilles tendon ruptures in the first 12 days of training camp11. That off-season was unique for at least the last decade due to the elimination of rookie mini-camps and off-season training sessions (OTAs), but potentially highlighted the importance of adequate preparation for current physical demands of professional football players11. Ultrasound evaluation found that subjects who are less active have a thinner Achilles tendon compared to athletes18, 28. A recent meta-analysis of 27 studies identified that differences in the loading conditions affected the adaptive responses (tendon stiffness, Youngs modulus, and tendon cross-sectional area)29. Additionally, although shorter high inspiration programs may induce adaptive tendon responses, intervention programs of longer durat ion appears to be more efficient and clearly demonstrated increased adaptive responses (greater than or equal to 12 weeks)29. The combination of findings after an NFL Lockout off-season preventing team-affiliated practice and the meta-analysis findings stress the significance of adequate player preparation29. An adequate player preparation programs involves sufficient high level intensity training of significant length that prepares the athlete and allows for tendon adaptations to prepare them for training camp exposures. Continued efforts to identify the best training protocols to prepare athletes for the demands of football training camp is crucial for optimal injury prevention.Additional analyses identify specific positions or position groups most likely to sustain specific injuries14, 27. We were interested if the excited nature of defensive players increased their likelihood for injury. Of the 45 AT ruptures identified, a majority (N = 32, 71.1%) were sustained by defensive pl ayers that demonstrated a significantly increased rate in games compared to offensive players (p = .005).Eccentric movements increase the tendon length29, 30. The Achilles tendon functions as both a spring and a shock absorber18. Previously, athletes have been found to have a thicker Achilles tendon than subjects who are less active18, 28. Currently, ruptures are believed to be caused due to the overloading of the taut tendon, but other studies have also discovered chronic changes within the ruptured tendon8, 29, 30. Although research demonstrates a genetic influence on the predisposition of a person towards an Achilles tendon injury31, these findings clearly demonstrate an additional risk experience by defensive players. We suspect one factor that increased the incidence of AT injuries for defensive players is the reactive nature of the position and movements required of defensive players compared to the movements utilized by offensive and specialist players. A further analysis m ay be able to confirm this hypothesis and if practice injuries are included may be able to provide an adequate sample size to identify specific positions more susceptible to injuries.CONCLUSIONUtilizing game data, there is no sheer correlation between playing surface and rate of AT ruptures. Our findings identify significant rate differences in AT ruptures in the first and second four game segments of the regular season compared to the final four games. Additionally, our findings are some of the most recent published game IRs for AT ruptures. Defensive players suffered a majority of ruptures compared to offensive or specialist players. Further analysis to identify an overall IR including practices and additional analysis of player position and time of the season of injury will improve our understanding of AT ruptures in professional football.LIMITATIONSThis analysis of the NFL relies on publicly available data. We are aided in our analysis as the NFL requires all teams to report an d publish injury reports each week of the season in addition to every game of the season televised. This allows the accuracy of game data to be of increased accuracy compared to practice information that is not as widely publicly available. Even with the precautions, there are possibilities for AT ruptures to not be documented. With the current attention to long-term injuries, there is potential bias from an increased attention and publication of athletes who sustained AT ruptures compared to the beginning of our study.REFERENCES1 Fox G, Gabbe BJ, Richardson M, et al. Twelve-month outcomes following surgical repair of the Achilles tendon. Injury 2016 47 2370-2374.2 Ganestam A, Kallemose T, Troelsen A, et al. Increasing incidence of acute Achilles tendon rupture and a noticeable decline in surgical treatment from 1994 to 2013. A nationwide registry study of 33,160 patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016 24 3730-3737.3 Huttunen TT, Kannus P, Rolf C, et al. Acute Achilles Te ndon Ruptures Incidence of Injury and Surgery in Sweden Between 2001 and 2012. Am J Sports Med 2014 42 2419-2423.4 Mattila VM, Huttunen TT, Haapasalo H, et al. Declining incidence of surgery for Achilles tendon rupture follows publication of major RCTs evidence-influenced change evident using the Finnish registry study. Br J Sports Med 2015 49 1084-1086.5 Jacobsson J, Timpka T, Kowalski J, et al. prevalence of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Swedish Elite Track and Field Athletes. Am J Sports Med 2012 40 163-169.6 Lantto I, Heikkinen J, Flinkkil T, et al. Epidemiology of Achilles tendon ruptures Increasing incidence over a 33-year period Clinical relevance level IV. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015 25 e133-e138.7 Sheth U, Wasserstein D, Jenkinson R, et al. The epidemiology and trends in management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures in Ontario, Canada a population-based study of 27 607 patients. Bone Jt J 2017 99-B 78-86.8 Wertz J, Galli M, Borchers JR. Achilles Tendon Rupture Risk Assessment for Aerial and Ground Athletes. Sports Health 2013 5 407-409.9 Ververidis AN, kalifis KG, Touzopoulos P, et al. Percutaneous repair of the Achilles tendon rupture in athletic population. J Orthop 2016 13 57-61.10 Raikin SM, Garras DN, Krapchev PV. Achilles Tendon Injuries in a United States Population. Foot Ankle Int 2013 34 475-480.11 Myer GD, Faigenbaum AD, Cherny CE, et al. Did the NFL Lockout Expose the Achilles Heel of Competitive Sports? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011 41 702-705.12 Gajhede-Knudsen M, Ekstrand J, Magnusson H, et al. return key of Achilles tendon injuries in elite male football players is more common after early return to play an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study. Br J Sports Med 2013 47 763-768.13 Mai HT, Alvarez AP, Freshman RD, et al. The NFL Orthopaedic Surgery Outcomes Database (NO-SOD) The Effect of Common Orthopaedic Procedures on Football Careers. Am J Sports Med 2016 44 2255-2262.14 Parekh SG, Wray WH, Brimmo O, et al. Epidem iology and Outcomes of Achilles Tendon Ruptures in the National Football League. Foot Ankle Spec 2009 2 283-286.15 Hoffman J, Krill M, Hewett T. Anterior Cruciate Ligament And Achilles Tendon Injuries In The Nfl From 2009-10 To 2014-15 Seasons 3075 Board 140 June 3, 330 PM-500 PM. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48 873.16 Hess GW. Achilles Tendon Rupture A Review of Etiology, Population, Anatomy, Risk Factors, and Injury Prevention. Foot Ankle Spec 2010 3 29-32.17 Joseph MF, Lillie KR, Bergeron DJ, et al. Achilles Tendon Biomechanics in Response to Acute acuate Exercise J Strength Cond Res 2014 28 1181-1186.18 Malvankar S, Khan WS. Evolution of the Achilles tendon The athletes Achilles heel? Foot Edinb Scotl 2011 21 193-197.19 Lorimer AV, Hume PA. Achilles Tendon Injury Risk Factors Associated with Running. Sports Med 2014 44 1459-1472.20 Oda H, Sano K, Kunimasa Y, et al. Neuromechanical Modulation of the Achilles Tendon During Bilateral Hopping in Patients with Unilateral Achilles Tendon Rup ture, Over 1 Year After Surgical Repair. Sports Med. Epub ahead of print 3 October 2016. inside 10.1007/s40279-016-0629-3.21 Gulati V. Management of achilles tendon injury A current concepts systematic review. World J Orthop 2015 6 380.22 Egger AC, Berkowitz MJ. Achilles tendon injuries. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. Epub ahead of print 13 February 2017. DOI 10.1007/s12178-017-9386-7.23 McCullough KA, Shaw CM, Anderson RB. Mini-open repair of achilles rupture in the national football league. J Surg Orthop Adv 2014 23 179-183.24 Balazs GC, Pavey GJ, Brelin AM, et al. Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Athletes on unreal contend Surfaces A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med 2015 43 1798-1804.25 Hershman EB, Anderson R, Bergfeld JA, et al. An Analysis of Specific Lower Extremity Injury Rates on Grass and FieldTurf Playing Surfaces in National Football League Games 2000-2009 Seasons. Am J Sports Med 2012 40 2200-2205.26 Lawrence DW, Hutchison MG, Comper P. Descriptive Epidemio logy of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Concussions in the National Football League, 2012-2014. Orthop J Sports Med 2015 3 232596711558365.27 Elliott MCCW, Zarins B, Powell JW, et al. torment Muscle Strains in Professional Football Players A 10-Year Review. Am J Sports Med 2011 39 843-850.28 Emerson C, Morrissey D, Perry M, et al. Ultrasonographically detected changes in Achilles tendons and self reported symptoms in elite gymnasts compared with controls An empirical study. Man Ther 2010 15 37-42.29 Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Human tendon adaptation in response to mechanical loading a systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise intervention studies on healthy adults. Sports Med Open 2015 1 7.30 Pedowitz D, Kirwan G. Achilles tendon ruptures. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2013 6 285-293.31 Maffulli N, Margiotti K, Longo UG, et al. The genetics of sports injuries and athletic performance. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2013 3 173-189.FIGURESFigure 1.Figure 2.Figure 3.Table 1.Inc idenceIRaIRRbp-valueDefense320.752.46 (1.31-4.85).005Offense130.30a Injury rate based on 4,272 TG (4,096 regular season and 176 post-season TG)bInjury rate ratios with 95% confidence limitsTable 2.IncidenceIRaIRRbp-value1st 4 games171.661.21 (0.59-2.51)c.602.13 (0.93-5.21)d.083.4 (1.30-10.31)e.012.92 (0.53-61.68)f.292nd 4 games141.371.75 (0.74-4.40)d.212.80 (1.04-8.67)e.042.41 (0.43-51.37)f.42third 4 games80.781.6 (0.52-5.38)e.421.38 (0.22-30.76)f.854th 4 games50.490.86 (0.12-20.45)f.83Post-season10.57aInjury rate based on 4,096 regular season (1,024 each 4-game period) or 176 post-season TGbInjury rate ratios with 95% confidence limitsCompared with c2nd 4 games of the regular season, d3rd 4 games of the regular season, e4th 4 games of the regular season, or fpost-season

Expanation Of A Rose For Emily :: essays research papers

&8220A Rose for EmilyWilliam Faulkner wrote the short horizontal surface &8220A Rose for Emily. It was published in 1930. The story was go down in the Deep South, Jefferson to be precise. The time period was from 1884 to 1920. Emily Grierson was the main character in the story. Faulkner uses characterization to revel the character of Emily, he expresses the content of her character through physical description, through her actions, words, and feelings, through a narrator&8217s direct comments about the character&8217s nature and through the actions, words, and feelings of other characters. In the story &8220A Rose for Emily, the main conflict was an external one, it was Emily Grierson versus society.The protagonist in the story was the township in which Emily lived in. Society expected her to behave in a certain way like a lady because of the family background she came from. She apparently was raised in a wealthy family. The town saw Emily as &8220a fallen monument afterward he r death (414). When she was alive, the town thought of her as &8220a tradition, a duty, and a care a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town(414). The town had no chose but to deal with Emily. When the town started to change Emily refused to do so and it was apparent that the town saw her house as &8220an eyesore among eyesores(414). The town was very interest in her relationship with Homer Barron a foreman that was working on the contract for paving the sidewalks in the town. They were pleased at first but later(prenominal) they kind of had mixed feelings saying that she as &8220a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer(417).Emily is the antagonist in the story, she is stuck in time, she utterly refuses to change despite the fact that society was changing around her. She lives as a recluse for many years &8220No visitor had passed since she ceased giving china painting lessons eight or then years ago(414). Emily removed herself from society through her actions &8220after her father&8217s death, she went out very little after her sweetheart went away, people hardly saw her at all(415). After the death of her father, Emily&8217s push against society was stronger than ever. This was evident with the tax situation, she did not want to overcompensate her taxes because she had them remitted in the past and wasn&8217t going to change that fact.

Possessions of Character in The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien :: The Things They Carried Vietnam War Essays

Possessions of Character in The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien The Things They Carried, by Tim OBrien, contains many references topossessions of character. Many things Lt. Cross carries were carried by all,including military equipment, stationery, photographs, diseases, food, the landof Vietnam itself, their lives, and even more. OBrien highlights these alongwith extra things that Lt. Jimmy Cross carries. He, thus, reveals somethingof what Cross values. Belongings reflect his character and thoughts. Grief,terror, love, longing--these were intangibles, but the intangibles had their ownmass and specific gravity, they had tangible weight. Lt. Jimmy Cross carries letters and a pebble from Martha, a girl whom hecares about greatly, but she does not share the same emotions for him. Hecarries these things to re intellect him of her, of his feelings for her. At the endof every day he ritually unwraps them and reads them. These letters are lightin weight, only ten ounces, but prov e to be a heavy burden. Above all, hecarries the debt instrument for the lives of his men. He is dreaming whenLavender is shot, and so he blames himself for it. Lavenders death wassomething which He would have to carry like a stone in his stomach for the relaxationof the war. He does not always pay attention to what is most important, hismen. Lt. Jimmy Cross burns all of Marthas letters at the end of the story,trying to bar her, to erase the memory. Still, he carries her in his mindalong with the haunting memory that she was not involved. Martha is just a partof the technicalities now, he bids her farewell in his mind and decides to ridhimself of the pebble. He is past his days of dreaming and hoping. Everythingthat Lt. Cross carries has more physical weight than those letters, but nonewere more of a burden to him.