Theory of Two Magnetically Coupled RLC Circuits

Theory of Two Magnetically Coupled RLC Circuits CHAPTER 3 In many physical situations coupling can be created between two or more oscillatory systems. For instance, two pendulum clocks which are mounted on the same wall will be coupled by the flexing of the wall as each swing. Similarly, electronic devices frequently contain several tuned circuits that may be deliberately coupled by another circuit element, or even accidentally by stray fields. In all these situations, energy can be transferred when the frequency of one or both of the oscillators will be shifted. (Anon, 2011) 3.1 Theory of two magnetically coupled RLC circuits Two inductively coupled RLC circuits are shown below (Figure 1). Two resonant frequencies are obtained owing to the fact that there are two circuits. The separation of the two frequencies depends on the value of the mutual inductance M, defined as the ratio of the voltage in the secondary to the rate of change of primary current with time. It has a reactance at the operating frequency. (Arkadi, 2004) Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law equations for both the primary and secondary loops yield (it is assumed here that ) These equations can be written in the matrix form as follows: where, and Following Cramer’s rule, where Thus, the solution from which the frequency response can be obtained is Resonance occurs at the two frequencies given by the following equations: The behavior of the circuit can qualitatively be understood on the basis of the reflected impedance (or coupled impedance). An inductively coupled circuit is said to reflect impedance in the secondary into the primary circuit. For a further explanation, the coupled circuits shown in Fig 2, is considered. The positive direction of the currents is chosen into the polarity mark on the generator representing the induced voltages, so that Kirchhoffs equations are is the mutual impedance , includes the source impedance and the secondary load. These equations may be solved for the equivalent primary impedance The reflected impedance is then A resistance is reflected as a resistance, whereas a capacitance is reflected as an inductance , and an inductance reflected as a capacitance . At resonance condition, the reflected impedance is resistive, and therefore acts to lower the Q-factor of the primary, and thereby reducing the output. This is however counteracted by an increase in coupling, which increases the output. The lower Q-factor gives a wider bandwidth. At lower frequencies than exact resonance, the reflected impedance is said to be inductive, which contributes to the inductance of the primary and consequently resonates at a lower frequency, producing a peak in the output. At higher frequencies than exact resonance, the reflected impedance is said to be capacitive, which cancels part of the inductance and eventually causes the circuit to resonate at a higher frequency, producing the second peak. (Arkadi, 2004) 3.2 Theory of couplings between two resonators The operation of resonators is very similar to that of the lumped-element resonators (series and RLC resonant circuits). Generally, two eigen frequencies can be obtained in association with the coupling between two coupled resonators, despite whether ther are synchronously or asynchronously tuned. The coupling coefficient , can therefore be extracted from these two frequencies, which can be obtained using eqn () and eqn (). However, these two frequencies can also be easily and directly identified in experiments without doing any calculations. According to (Hong, 2004), the formula for the computation of the coupling coefficient for synchronously tuned resonators does not yield the appropriate results when used to compute the coupling coefficient of asynchronously tuned resonators. Therefore it is of fundamental importance to present comprehensive treatment and derive a proper formulation to extract the coupling coefficient for asynchronously tuned resonators. In general, for different structure resonator (Figure ), the coupling coefficient may have different self-resonant frequencies. It may be defined on the basis of a ratio of coupled energy to stored energy, that is, Electric coupling magnetic coupling where all fields are determined at resonance. The volume integrals are over entire regions with permittivity of Æ  and permeability of ÃŽ ¼. However the direct evaluation of from eqn. would require a complete knowledge of the field distributions and would need to perform space integral. This would certainly not be an easy piece of work unless analytical solutions of the fields exist. However, Hong et al. (2004) found that there exists a relation between the coupling coefficient and resonant frequencies of the resonators which eases our task in computing the coupling coefficient.The coupling is due to both electric and magnetic effects. It is therefore essential to formulate expressions for each type of coupling separately. 3.3 Formulation for coupling coefficients 3.3.1 Electric coupling For electric coupling alone, an equivalent lumped-element circuit (Figure ) is designed to represent the coupled resonators. The two resonators resonate at frequencies and . They are coupled to each other through mutual capacitance . For natural resonance to occur, the condition is (as mentioned previously in 2.2.3). The resonant condition leads to an eigen equation After some manipulations eqn () reduces to This equation has four eigenvalues or solutions. However, out of the four, only the two positive real solutions are of interest to us. This is because they represent the resonant frequencies which are identifiable, namely A new parameter is defined, where it is assumed that . Substituting and in eqn (), Defining the electric coupling coefficient, according to the ratio of the coupled electric energy to the average stored energy. 3.3.2 Magnetic coupling A lumped-element circuit model like Figure is used to show the magnetic coupling through mutual inductance, of asynchronously tuned resonators. and are the two resonant frequencies of the uncoupled resonators. For natural resonance to occur, the condition is, . This leads to After expanding, Like in 3.3.1, this equation has four solutions, of which only the two positive real ones are of interest to us, We define a parameter, Assuming , and recalling and , substitute in eqn () Defining the magnetic coupling coefficient as the ratio of the coupled magnetic energy to the average stored energy, 3.3.3 Mixed coupling There is a mixture of both electric and magnetic coupling in the case of the experiments that will be performed in this project. Therefore to derive the coupling coefficient of the two resonators, we may have a circuit model as shown in Fig. Fig. The electric coupling is represented by an admittance inverter with while the magnetic coupling is represented by an impedance inverter with . Based on the circuit model of Fig. , and assuming all internal currents flow outward each node, a definite nodal admittance matrix can be define with a reference at node ‘0’ with For natural resonance, it implies that This requires that the determinant of admittance matrix to be zero, that is, After some manipulations, we can arrive at This biquadratic equation is the eigen-equation for an asynchronously tuned coupled resonator circuit with the mixed coupling. Letting either or in eqn. reduces the equation to either coupling, which is what should be expected. There are four solutions of eqn. However, only the two positive ones are of interest, and they may be expressed as with Define For narrow-band applications we can assume that and the latter actually represents a ration of an arithmetic mean to a geometric mean of two resonant frequencies. Thus we have in which Now, it is clear that is nothing else but the mixed coupling coefficient defined as The derived formula for extracting the coupling coefficients of any two asynchronously resonators can thus be formulated as This formula can also be used in computing the coupling coefficient of two synchronously tuned resonators, and in that case it reduces to We will demonstrate the application of the derived formulation in this project through the construction of two identical coupled spiral coil resonators and identify their respective resonant frequencies as well as determining the mixed coupling between them through the use of capacitors added to them.

The Sun Also Rises Essay -- essays research papers

The Sun Also Rises   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, Jake Barnes is a lost man who wastes his life on drinking. Towards the beginning of the book Robert Cohn asks Jake, â€Å"Don’t you ever get the feeling that all your life is going by and you’re not taking advantage of it? Do you realize that you’ve lived nearly half the time you have to live already?† Jake weakly answers, â€Å"Yes, every once in a while.† The book focuses on the dissolution of the post-war generation and how they cannot find their place in life. Jake is an example of a person who had the freedom to choose his place but chose poorly. This point of Jake’s life is centered on readjusting himself to normal life after World War I. Jake is lost and doesn’t know what to do. He has a few friends w...

The Morality of Zoos

The word zoo is a fairly broad term. Zoos are most commonly thought of as an attraction rather than a means for education. More importantly, they are rarely associated with the survival of the human race. While zoos are a form of entertainment for the public and a taxable industry for the government; most of them do in fact research the animals they have in their captivity. This research can be beneficial and life saving for humans and if it were not for this testing, we would not have many key vaccines that we have today. For the sake of this paper the term zoo can be applied to all animals in captivity.This includes those for entertainment, medical testing, and rehabilitation/protection. Tom Reagan wrote on if zoos are morally defensible, but included all of the previously listed forms of captivity under the title of â€Å"zoo†. He argues that zoos are immoral because of rights based principles; however, he fails to see the implications of assuming that animals have equal ri ghts to humans. Although his conclusion is false, it is morally wrong and unnecessary to keep an animal in captivity purely for public amusement and financial gain. Reagan presents two views in proving the immorality of zoos.First is the utilitarian standpoint which claims that the suffering of animals being in captivity far outweighs the suffering of humans had the animals not been in captivity. The second view is the rights based principle, which is that animals have rights and should not be in captivity. He sides with the latter of the two theories, deciding that the utilitarian view fails to asses all of the components of human suffering without zoos. He claims that animals morally have rights to freedom and respect thus making it immoral for humans to take this away from them.The real hitch in his theory though, is how he proposes the moral rights of animals. He claims that they have rights because of their awareness to their existence and therefore knowledge of suffering and p leasure. However, although animals are aware, they are not conscious of cause and effect. They don’t see the morality behind suffering, they just instinctually avoid it. To ascertain that they have the same rationalization powers as humans do on deciding if their actions are causing pleasure or pain, is to give their awareness too much credit.A good paper to prove this point, is Carl Cohen’s Do Animals Have Rights? In it he responds to Regan’s theory that animals have rights. Cohen decides that Regan’s biggest error is associating two different versions of the broadly used term â€Å"inherent value† to formulate his conclusion. Regan claims that because animals have inherent value they are moral agents and should not be used in a fashion that makes them less important than humans. However, Cohen says that just because they have inherent value it does not mean they are moral beings.Surely because they feel pain it is immoral to cause them to suffer needlessly but this does not give them the same rights as humans. Animals live in an amoral world without respect or knowledge of other living thing’s rights. Since they are unaware of morals and rights, it seems absurd to hold them to the same moral standard as humans. It would appear then that when deciding on the moral legitimacy of zoos, it would be correct to separate human rights from the natural laws that animals live by. The natural world is based on survival.Animals kill other animals to survive and out of instinct. House cats torture their prey before killing it, and bears eat their prey alive. Animals act without the knowledge of other living beings having a right to life because it is not a matter of rationalization for them. They do not see the suffering of other animals as a moral issue because they are incapable of grasping such a concept. Because we as humans do have the ability to rationalize we also have the responsibility to avoid causing harm and suffering to other living things.However, humans need to survive too, and if it means keeping animals for medical testing then this should not be looked at any differently than a wolf attacking a human so as to not starve. Animals already use other animals as tools for survival; and if this is the case as it is in medical testing, then captivity should be allowed. Same goes for animal rehabilitation and protection from extinction. Although wildlife preserves are more ideal for most animals in this case, even a small enclosure zoo could be in that particular animal’s best interest concerning its health.Small enclosures and preserves can also give humans lots on insight into the daily routines of animals so as to better protect them from extinction. What is inhumane and immoral however, is using zoos for monetary gain and personal entertainment. Through evolution some animals have become accustomed to human interaction and unnatural surroundings. Those that are not, however, should not be put in captivity for no reason. That’s why we have house pets.

Analytical Essay Sample on Utopia by Thomas More

Analytical Essay Sample on Utopia by Thomas More In Thomas More’s Utopia, a fictional scenario is laid out where More meets a man named Hythloday who tells the tale of the land of Utopia. Structured in government and daily activities, Utopia is supposed to be an ideal land inhabited by ideal people, and by the way Hythloday vividly describes it, it seems to be so. More, portrayed as more or less as fictional a character as Hythloday in this prose piece, takes in all of the information presented to him, and becomes very intrigued by the land of Utopia. More then wrote a fictional prefatory letter from the More in Utopia to Peter Giles, who was also fictionally portrayed in Utopia as the man who introduces More to Hythloday, discussing the book he had recently finished on the island of Utopia. In this letter, More comments about the publication of this book, both concerned about the public reaction and Hythloday’s personal reaction. He also makes general comments about his dedication to the book, due to external element s. More, the author, realizing the possible inconsistencies that could be raised in Utopia, wrote this letter to cover them up, allowing the reader to enjoy his text without nitpicking the details. The first thing that must be realized to understand the prefatory letter is that readers of Utopia originally thought it was a real place. This letter to Peter Giles inflates that lie, making the story of Utopia even more believable to readers. Not only that, but it covers up inconsistencies that could be found by critical readers. More furthers the image of the meeting between him and Hythloday, and even asks Peter Giles to contact Hythloday for him. He also speaks of actual characters, such as John Clement. With the real characters, and More’s ability to write fiction with a straight face, he makes the land of Utopia and his letter to be fact in the real world. This facilitates him in covering up inconsistencies. Some possible inconsistencies in Utopia could be covered up by the part of More’s letter where he explains the time restrictions he was under. He explains that â€Å"the task was rendered almost impossible by my many other obligations† (109). More is a lawyer, and is dedicated to his work in public service. Furthermore, he is a family man, and needs to spend time with his loved ones, as he considers them â€Å"part of my business, since they have to be done unless a man wants to be a stranger in his own house† (109). With that being said, More explains that the time he dedicated to writing Utopia was a sacrifice from time that he otherwise would have been eating or sleeping. This raises the issue of his recollection of the story, as a year is a long time, and facts can be remembered and forgotten easily in that time period. The entire text is based around recollection of the facts, as it is supposed to be â€Å"More’s experience,† and if the facts a re distorted, the book is a failure. The letter, though, clears up any of this, and allows the reader (assuming under the impression that Utopia is a real place), to read the book without a fine-toothed comb, and take it for what it is. Furthermore, More, in the letter, is concerned with the accuracy of the facts he presents. Not with their factuality, per say, but more along the lines of how Hythloday described it. More’s apprentice, John Clement, points out that the bridge over the Anyder at Amaurot is not as long as Hythloday had said. While More would like the book to be correct, he is more concerned with being true to what Hythloday. â€Å"In short, I would rather be truthful than correct† (110). If More is writing a book about Utopia for the public, it would serve his audience much better to be accurate to the facts of Utopia. If his intentions are to retell the tale of Hythloday, then his word is much more powerful than fact, if the two contradict. Throughout the letter, though, it becomes clear that More’s intent in Utopia is to be the telling of Hythloday’s tale, whether it be fact or fiction. This would be made consistent when More becomes concerned with Hythloday’s react ion to the publication, and the fact that he would like Hythloday to read it over and correct any falsities that appear in the text. More, all in all, though, states that he is confident with his recollection of the facts, but wants to be meticulous about his writing. Reaction seems to be More’s main concern in the letter, both public reaction and that of Hythloday. As for the public, More says that he is â€Å"still of two minds whether I should publish the book or not† (111). Most of the concerns expressed here are with the reaction of the public to his book. The land of Utopia is a super-efficient, almost ideal world, and should be taken in well by readers, as they can take in the ideas of Utopians and adopt them to their own world. On the other hand, More’s main concern with the public most likely stems from his initial conversation with Hythloday. During the course of that conversation, Hythloday told of how he served in the King’s court, and tried to apply his vast knowledge of the world upon the court, but was turned away, as he did not stay consistent with the political views of the King. For instance, Hythloday’s proposition on what to do with thieves. The current penalty, supported by the king, is death . Hythloday, however, believes that the severity of this penalty does not match that of the crime. Therefore, he suggests a new method of punishment, more along the lines of the Utopians, but is shot down. This is due to Hythloday’s ideas being a change to the system which everyone is familiar with, and people cherish familiarity; change scares them. This can be applied to the public reaction. People of the time, familiar with the then current rules and penalties, may find Utopia to be offensive, as in a way it undermines the system of government installed currently. Utopia is presented as a superior society, and people may become offended when it is suggested that their way is inefficient, while these Utopians, whom no one reading the book obviously have never heard of, are considered to be of a greater people. Another concern of More’s concerning the reaction to the book is the general public cynicism that comes with many authors. More leads a life committed to public service, as exemplified in his career as a lawyer and the amount of time he devotes to it. He is writing this book to further his service to the public, telling them a tale of a place like no one has ever hear of before. To be criticized and sometimes laughed at is the fate of all books, but more so with Utopia. It is not every day that a book is written about a place that no one has heard of, making this an important text. More wishes it not to be laughed at, as his book is serious (or so he would have us believe). He also does not want the book to be unappreciated as, he says, a guest who enjoys a full meal and leaves without thanking the host. None of these reasons seem compelling enough to deter publication, but they are placed in the letter to create sympathy from the reader. He knows that these are generally the reactions of the public, and he is preempting them. The critics are described unflatteringly. People reading the book would not want to be considered in that regard, therefore may take the reading of Utopia more seriously. There are other inconsistencies that More leaves out of his letter, though, or addresses indirectly. First, he asks Peter Giles to contact Hythloday about the specific location of the island of Utopia, as he bemoans the fact that it slipped his mind to ask him at their meeting. More is a very educated, intelligent man, as he had proven throughout his lifetime. When a place that is fascinating and unique is described, it is almost reaction to ask where this place is located. Since there is no actual Utopia, More leaves this out of the text. In the letter, though, he expresses his concern for knowing where Utopia is. This covers up the inconsistency somewhat, preempting the reader, but still leaves a trace of non-believability. Furthermore, it appears odd that More has to ask Peter Giles to contact Hythloday for him. More is engrossed with Hythloday, himself and his tale, in the story, and it would seem normal for More to make a formal contact with Hythloday. This is not done, obviousl y. More also did not take the time to visit Utopia before writing a book about it. True, his career takes up the bulk of his time, and his family and studies the rest, but there is always time for vacation, especially since it took a year for More to complete his book. This is further covered up by More saying the book is intended to be a retelling of Hythloday’s tale, but the fact remains that the book would be ultimately better off had More visited Utopia prior to completion. It seems odd that More would go through the trouble to write about a place he had never been to, only heard of, with as much passion as he did. More also seemingly expresses no desire to visit Utopia even after publication, but he states that a friend of his whom he has told the story of Utopia to wishes to visit it. There are many more reasons for More to visit this island than one of his friends or colleagues, yet there is no expressed desire on his part at all. The prefatory letter from Thomas More to Peter Giles not only inflates the believability of the story, but covers up inconsistencies that could be found by the reader. More explains in full the process in which he undertook in the writing of Utopia and the comments and concerns he had after he completed it. Peter Giles is one of his most esteemed friends, and was present for the telling of the Utopian tale, making him an excellent source to send a letter of concern to regarding the book. Giles is familiar with the situation, and has a formal contact with Hythloday. Throughout the letter, More expresses various concerns he has with the content of the text he has produced and the repercussions of publishing it. All in all, it seems as if More is satisfied with what he has done, but is simply seeking further approval. The letter’s main intent, taken with the knowledge that the entire story is a fabrication, is to ease the reader’s doubts about Utopia and allow them to take it in as a real, ideal place.

Free Essays on Stoics

In the tree of Ethics, there are many twigs and branches that all trace back to a single root: how a person ought to act. Now, the paths that some branches take to get to that single root differ in many ways, yet all arrive at their own definition of how they themselves should live. The ‘branch’ that I will be talking about today, is Stoicism. I will discuss the history and beginnings of Stoicism in the Hellenistic period, the basic ideas of stoicism, and I will share my own personal beliefs and skeptical ideas as concerned with Stoicism. To begin, what does the word ‘stoic’ mean? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines ‘stoic’ as â€Å"one apparently or professedly indifferent to pleasure or pain.† In the world of Ethics, a stoic is defined as â€Å"a member of a school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium about 300 B.C. holding that the wise man should be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and submissive to natural law.† So what school of philosophy are we talking about? Who is Zeno of Cittium? Why did the stoics behave as they did? In the early part of the 4th century B.C. going on into the middle of the 3rd, a man named Zeno of Cittium left his home of Cyprus and went to Athens. There, he began to teach small groups of people about his ideas of ethics. He held his sessions on a painted porch on the Athenian agora known as the Stoa Poikile, from which the terms stoic and Stoicism derive from. At one point, Zeno, who had become adjusted to a life of riches, could not pay a resident tax, and as a consequence, was sold into slavery, where he was bought by a friend and freed. At first glance, one could look at stoicism and dismiss it as a relatively easy way to lead one’s life. At the heart, stoics do not care about abstract reality, about how and why the universe began, or Earth for that matter. To a stoic, the most important concept is that of acceptance in human life. Some of the ideas that Sto... Free Essays on Stoics Free Essays on Stoics In the tree of Ethics, there are many twigs and branches that all trace back to a single root: how a person ought to act. Now, the paths that some branches take to get to that single root differ in many ways, yet all arrive at their own definition of how they themselves should live. The ‘branch’ that I will be talking about today, is Stoicism. I will discuss the history and beginnings of Stoicism in the Hellenistic period, the basic ideas of stoicism, and I will share my own personal beliefs and skeptical ideas as concerned with Stoicism. To begin, what does the word ‘stoic’ mean? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines ‘stoic’ as â€Å"one apparently or professedly indifferent to pleasure or pain.† In the world of Ethics, a stoic is defined as â€Å"a member of a school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium about 300 B.C. holding that the wise man should be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and submissive to natural law.† So what school of philosophy are we talking about? Who is Zeno of Cittium? Why did the stoics behave as they did? In the early part of the 4th century B.C. going on into the middle of the 3rd, a man named Zeno of Cittium left his home of Cyprus and went to Athens. There, he began to teach small groups of people about his ideas of ethics. He held his sessions on a painted porch on the Athenian agora known as the Stoa Poikile, from which the terms stoic and Stoicism derive from. At one point, Zeno, who had become adjusted to a life of riches, could not pay a resident tax, and as a consequence, was sold into slavery, where he was bought by a friend and freed. At first glance, one could look at stoicism and dismiss it as a relatively easy way to lead one’s life. At the heart, stoics do not care about abstract reality, about how and why the universe began, or Earth for that matter. To a stoic, the most important concept is that of acceptance in human life. Some of the ideas that Sto...

Purchasing and supply chain Management Issues and sulotions Essay

Purchasing and supply chain Management Issues and sulotions - Essay Example The managing of purchase and supply revolves around the materials; what is needed when? And who will supply how? Roles of manufacturers, suppliers, agents, transporters, and government agencies are discussed. FINDINGS I have identified seven themes in this section for effective management of purchase and supply chain: Managing Materials, Planning and Building Supply Resources, Ordering and Stock Maintaining, Monitoring Deliveries and Goods Receipts, Controlling and Servicing Consumptions, Stocking Finished Goods and Waste Materials, and Anticipating Risks and Expected Remedy. Managing Materials The first and foremost thing in purchase and supply chain is the identification and recognition of materials. Material is defined as â€Å"anything that serves as crude or raw matter to be used or developed: Wood pulp is from which paper is made.†(Material 2011) Materials used in industries are unique and different for each industry. Each and every industry should first identify and rec ognize the materials which they will need to produce a set of finished goods. Materials also include stores, spares, tools and consumables required for the operation and maintenance of plant and machinery. There are four broad categories of materials in a manufacturing unit and each material that is needed in the process of production will fall in any one of these categories. These broad categories are Raw Materials and Operational Materials which when processed by Plant and Machinery, produces Finished Goods and Waste Materials. A figure given below illustrates it It is also important to understand the properties of materials to make efficient decisions that optimize cost and performance. â€Å"Materials engineering involves understanding the correlation between a material's cost, performance, and basic properties. The knowledge gained in the materials engineering approach facilitates timely and well-informed materials decisions relating to new designs, cost reduction efforts, sup plier selection, and manufacturing yield improvements.†( Pfeifer 2005) The chief Raw Materials in a textile mill are â€Å"Cotton† and â€Å"Cones.† The â€Å"Cotton† is an agricultural product. It is a crop produced by farmers on the fields and sold to Ginners. Ginners clean and process it in the form of cotton lint and pack it in bales. â€Å"The quality of the fibres varies greatly according to the variety, the seasonal conditions during cultivation and the way the crop is handled after harvest. 100 kg seed cotton gives 35 to 42 kg of cotton lint. Cotton fibers are characterized by a longitudinal spiral twist (see picture magnified 630 times), which contributes to an elasticity of about 10%† (Chaudhry 2003) The lint cotton is purchased by the textile mills, processed to produce yarns and cloths. Textile Mills are one of the most important global industries today. Modern textile mills are far more advanced and automated today and therefore needs e ven more accurate and precise purchase and supply chain. The real world photographs (Loyal Chennai) below show how huge and automated textile mills are today. Spinning and Weaving Mills photograph of a real world Manufacturing of

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS - Essay Example Due to time limitation, this problem has not been resolved yet and therefore, the application still requires to be fine tuned to allow it to be run through IIS rather than involving Visual Studio’s internal ASP.NET Development Server. Currently, this application’s backend, SQL Server 2005, does not store any data locally. It simply contains two linked servers which are called whenever the application requires carrying out some data operation – viewing, inserting and updating records. Excessive communication with linked servers may result in increase of network traffic, hence, minimizing the performance of only the application itself but of the entire corporate network as well. Therefore, it is very important to maintain some part of the data locally in SQL Server 2005 in order to reduce the network load by minimizing the communication with remote servers. This can be achieved through re-designing the database involving three key aspects – data fragmentation, data replication and data allocation. Data Fragmentation refers to the process of breaking up the database into logical units called fragments which can be stored at different sites. The simplest logical units are the table themselves (Padigela, n.d.). Fragmented or Partitioned refers to partitioning of database into disjoint fragments, with each fragment assigned to one site (no replication). This is also called ‘non-redundant allocation’ (Padigela, n.d.). Complete Replication involves maintenance of a complete copy of database at each site (no fragmentation) and therefore, storage costs and communication costs for updates are main drawbacks of this strategy. To overcome this, snapshots – a copy of the data at a given time – are used to update copies of database periodically (Padigela, n.d.). It was not easy to work on this coursework as it was extremely challenging and